Podilian Bulletin: agriculture, engineering, economics

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE MANAGEMENT OF AGRONOMIC PROCESSES USING ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2025-01-13T16:35:01+02:00

The integration of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) in agriculture represents a transformative step in managing agronomic processes, unlocking potential for increased productivity, sustainability, and precision. This direction is relevant due to the rising global food demand, the need for more efficient resource use, and the environmental challenges faced by traditional agricultural methods. Conventional farming methods often lead to inefficient resource use, high labor costs, and suboptimal yields, making advanced technologies such as robotics and AI crucial for addressing these issues. The purpose of this study is to explore innovative solutions in agronomic process management through the integration of robotics and AI, with a focus on their role in optimizing crop production, reducing waste, and enhancing the accuracy of agricultural practices. The results of applying robotics and AI in agriculture demonstrate the potential of this approach. Autonomous robots equipped with sensors and AI algorithms can monitor soil conditions, detect pests, and assess plant health in real-time, enabling targeted adjustments. AI-based systems, using machine learning and predictive analytics, can optimize irrigation schedules, fertilizer use, and pest control strategies, leading to more efficient resource use and higher crop yields. AI-powered drones and robots have shown the capability to perform tasks faster and with greater accuracy than traditional methods, helping reduce costs and increase productivity. Thus, the innovative use of robotics and AI in agronomic process management is reshaping agriculture. These technologies not only improve the efficiency of agricultural operations but also pave the way for sustainable farming, reducing resource consumption and minimizing environmental impact.

RESULTS OF DETERMINING THE KINETICS OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE KINETICS IN MEAT DURING CONDUCTIVE DRYING WITH COMPRESSION

2025-01-13T16:39:11+02:00

The key challenges of modern food processing, particularly in the drying of food raw materials, include preserving the nutritional value of the final product while reducing energy consumption. Conductive drying addresses these issues, but it remains insufficiently researched, leading to a significant shortage of scientific data. The demand for long-shelf-life food products, including dried meat, has notably increased in Ukraine due to power supply disruptions caused by the war with Russia. This heightens the relevance of research in this field. Previous studies have primarily focused on determining and analyzing the kinetics of moisture content and temperature during the conductive drying of meat, without considering the compression of the meat itself. How compression affects the moisture removal process from the meat’s structure remains unexplored. This study presents the results of an experimental investigation of the conductive drying of raw meat with thicknesses of 0.003 m, 0.005 m, and 0.007 m under bilateral heat supply conditions, with surface temperatures reaching up to 130°C and varying load weights that created excess steam pressure in the surface layer of the raw material. The authors examined and identified the moisture content and temperature kinetics under compression conditions with loading, determined the optimal thickness of the raw material, and assessed the quality of the final product using organoleptic methods on a 5-point scale. The results were compared with data from previous research, which studied this process without loading on the heating surface, published earlier. The findings revealed that drying under compression with loading significantly reduces the process duration and energy consumption while maintaining high product quality. The approximation of the experimental moisture content and temperature kinetics enabled the development of analytical models of the process in the form of modified exponents, taking into account the sample thickness and the applied load mass.

TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNICAL MEANS OF RESTORATION OF PAINT COATINGS OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT WITHOUT REMOVING CORROSION PRODUCTS

2025-01-14T07:49:19+02:00

Composition of soil of transformer of blight, and technology of causing of coverages, is expounded in the article. The mechanisms of corrosive and electrochemical behavior of are analyzed in the aggressive operating environments of agrarian production. Opening history, classification and application of transformers of foods of corrosion (to the blight), due to which a necessity is not for the complete moving away of foods of corrosion from the surface of metal during realization of work overs, domains, is described. The transformers of blight enter into a reaction with foods of corrosion, forming a protective layer, which prevents further corrosion and is kind basis for causing of materials. Compositions over of transformers of home production and technology of their causing are also brought. At the observance of technology and account of compatibility of materials, application of transformers of blight substantially reduces charges on slushing defense. Charges go down at causing of coverage due to combination of operations. It is well-proven that a deficit of equipment is for high-quality preparation of surface of metal before overcoating, realization of anti-corrosion defense, corrosive control and considerable there is a volume of works from anti-corrosion defense of metal structures in the so-called «field terms», when a surface before overcoating is anyhow cleaned out by metallic brushes, by unrefined sand and others like that. Such «preparation», except superfluous charges, practically does not give a positive effect, as after causing on the badly geared-up surface of metal of coverage subpellicle corrosion, which destroys a construction quickly, develops under it. However, such practice is widely widespread during the gasket of water carriers, gas networks of middle pressure, repair of bridges, towers and others like that. In Ukraine, there is the worked-out equipment for high-quality supersonic, hydroabrasive preparation of surface. The problem of maintenance of machines is analyzed in small economies as compared, which apply the expensive imported materials and technique in-process. Skilled specialists, able to engage in service and repair, failing also. Therefore, an actual theme is realization of searching researches for development of methodology of proceeding in paints and varnishes coverages of agricultural technique, which does not require high qualification of personnel and considerable charges. It is well-proven that by the most widespread method of moving away of foods of corrosion from a surface, except tooling, there is acid digestion which has substantial defects: part of surface of metal of detail dissolves together with moving away of foods of corrosion; acid fogs, harmful for organs breathing, appear; there is a requirement in utilizations of sewages, which appear as a result of washing of metallic purveyances after acid digestion. The offered alternative method of treatment of surface of metal structures is for the use of transformers of blight.

ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT ERRORS OF PRECISION PARTS USING A MEASURING ARM

2025-01-14T08:08:41+02:00

The article presents a detailed analysis of various types of errors that occur when measuring precision parts using a measuring arm. Measuring arms are high-tech instruments widely used in mechanical engineering, aviation industry, automotive manufacturing, and other fields where high accuracy and measurement repeatability are crucial. The design features of such devices allow for quick and accurate measurements of parts with various shapes, particularly those with complex geometry. However, the accuracy of measuring arms significantly depends on several factors, including operating conditions, temperature changes, design characteristics of the instrument, operator qualification, and other external factors. In particular, the influence of thermal fluctuations, which can lead to distortions in the measuring arm structure and affect the accuracy of the obtained results, is considered. The Monte Carlo method was used to analyze measurement accuracy, which allowed obtaining probabilistic characteristics of errors and determining the most influential factors causing measurement accuracy deterioration. The article proposes an automatic correction algorithm that compensates for systematic errors and reduces the influence of external conditions on measurement results. Experimental studies conducted in production conditions confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approaches, demonstrating a significant increase in measurement reliability and data accuracy. Additionally, the paper examines methods for minimizing errors arising from human factors through automation of measurement data processing. The proposed methods and algorithms can be useful for engineers responsible for product quality control, as well as researchers in metrology interested in improving measurement technologies to enhance the accuracy of complex parts inspection.

AUTOMATIC ERROR CORRECTION IN MEASUREMENTS ON COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES

2025-01-14T08:16:41+02:00

Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) play a crucial role in modern manufacturing and quality control, providing highprecision measurements of complex parts’ geometric parameters. However, even the most advanced CMMs are subject to various factors that lead to measurement errors. This article is dedicated to the development and analysis of methods for automatic error correction in CMM measurements, which significantly improve the accuracy of results without the need for physical modification of existing equipment. The paper presents a comprehensive mathematical model of the CMM measurement process, which takes into account geometric, kinematic, and thermal sources of errors. This model allows for a detailed description of the interaction between various CMM components and their impact on measurement accuracy. Based on this model, a multi-level automatic correction algorithm has been developed, combining methods of kinematic modeling and statistical analysis to detect and compensate for different types of errors. The algorithm considers the specifics of CMM operation in various modes and operating conditions, ensuring its versatility and effectiveness. A theoretical justification of the proposed method has been conducted, including proof of its convergence and estimation of convergence speed for different CMM configurations and types of measured parts. This theoretical foundation is based on mathematical methods and ensures the reliability and predictability of the algorithm’s performance under various conditions. It is shown that the application of automatic correction allows for a reduction in total measurement error by 20–30% compared to traditional CMM calibration methods. This significant improvement in accuracy opens up new possibilities for using CMMs in high-precision manufacturing processes. The results of the research have broad practical significance for industries where CMMs are used, including aerospace, automotive, precision component manufacturing, and medical equipment production. In each of these industries, increased measurement accuracy can lead to substantial improvements in product quality, reduction in defect rates, and optimization of manufacturing processes. The proposed method of automatic error correction in CMM measurements can become the basis for developing a new generation of high-precision metrological systems that provide reliable results in production conditions. This opens up prospects for creating more advanced CMMs that can meet the growing demands for accuracy in modern industry.

PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW CONDITIONS

2025-01-13T16:26:24+02:00

Renewable energy remains a strategic direction for Ukraine's development, especially under martial law conditions. The war has significantly affected the energy sector, particularly renewable energy sources (RES). Infrastructure destruction, territorial occupation, and economic instability have posed serious challenges to an industry that was showing active growth before the war. Despite these difficulties, developing renewable energy is crucial for reducing dependence on fossil fuels, enhancing energy security, and integrating into the European energy system. The aim of the study is to analyze the prospects and challenges faced by the RES sector in Ukraine, identify strategic directions for its recovery, and adapt to the new conditions. Key problems include declining investment attractiveness, destruction of facilities, financing difficulties, and delays in payments for the "green" tariff. Alongside the challenges, the war has created new opportunities, including the development of decentralized energy systems, microgrids, and bioenergy, which promote autonomy and resilience in energy supply. Special attention is given to the role of RES in revitalizing rural communities, supporting critical infrastructure, and integrating modern technologies. The analysis of prospects demonstrates that, with the support of international partners, improved regulatory frameworks, and investment incentives, renewable energy can become a vital factor in Ukraine’s sustainable development.

THE ROLE OF RURAL GREEN TOURISM IN ENSURING THE COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS

2025-01-13T16:31:08+02:00

Rural green tourism plays a key role in shaping the sustainable development of rural areas of Ukraine, integrating economic, social and environmental aspects of regional development. Its significance lies in creating opportunities for diversification of economic activity in the countryside, improving the quality of life of the local population and preserving the environment. This type of activity is a powerful economic driver for the comprehensive development of rural areas. One of the main advantages is the growth of incomes of local residents and attracting additional financial resources through tourism flows. This supports not only the development of small and medium-sized businesses, but also the creation of new jobs, which is a factor in preventing internal and external migration of the rural population. One of the important results of the development of rural green tourism is the improvement of the social structure of the village. Rural tourism contributes to the preservation and popularization of local traditions and culture, which stimulates the revival of folk crafts, folklore, cuisine. This becomes a powerful driver for the development of local cultural initiatives and increasing self-awareness, creates opportunities for the integration of young people into the local economy. Rural youth and young professionals can work in agritourism, thereby remaining in their native villages and receiving decent earnings. Due to the growth of socio-economic activity, social tension decreases, social responsibility increases, and the activity of local residents increases. Rural green tourism is an internal mechanism for ensuring the comprehensive development of rural areas. Due to its potential to stimulate economic, social and environmental development, it contributes to raising the standard of living of local residents, creating new jobs, preserving cultural heritage and improving the environmental condition of the population in rural communities. Given these advantages, it is important to promote the development of this type of economic activity in the countryside, creating favorable conditions for investment, training and cooperation at all levels.

HEMANGIOMAS AS POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS OF BABESIOSIS: MORPHOHISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL CASES

2025-01-14T08:23:23+02:00

A splenic hemangioma in a dog is a benign neoplasm that is formed due to the uncontrolled growth of blood vessels in the tissues of the organ. The article presents the results of the study of the influence of babesiosis on the formation of splenic hemangioma in dogs, as well as the study of the frequency of occurrence of this pathology and factors contributing to its development. Morphological and histological characteristics of hemangioma, pathophysiological mechanisms of its formation, as well as risk factors and prognostic markers for improving methods of prevention and early diagnosis of the disease were analyzed. The results of the general clinical blood analysis of dogs with splenic hemangioma revealed a decrease in the levels of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, marked thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis. A decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit indicates hemolytic anemia and is a sign of anemic syndrome, which indicates morphological changes and dysfunction of all organs and systems. Ultrasound examination of animals revealed a hypoechoic formation of a rounded shape, with a heterogeneous structure, signs of pathological blood flow and clear edges. An X-ray showed a hypoechoic area and an enlarged spleen with characteristic tissue changes. Histological examination of the organ after splenectomy showed that the spleen tissue contains multiple vessels of small diameter of the capillary type, which are located in the fibrous stroma and form a mesh of various shapes. The entire tumor consists of endothelial tubes, which in differential diagnosis helps to distinguish hemangioma from malignant neoplasms, such as hemangiosarcoma. Thus, it has been investigated that an increase in the functional load on the spleen can cause pathological changes that contribute to the formation of benign neoplasms, such as hemangioma. This process may be associated with impaired blood circulation, changes in hemodynamics, angiogen activation, and long-term exposure to infections, including babesiosis.

PRACTICAL MONITORING OF SOIL FERTILITY WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOIL-CONSERVING FARMING SYSTEMS (BASED ON NO-TILL TECHNOLOGY)

2025-01-13T15:26:32+02:00

One of the main causes of agricultural land degradation (primarily arable land) is plowing, or conventional tillage. The degradation of soil quality is a global problem. That is why the agricultural sector in developed countries is moving towards the adoption of soil conservation and energy-saving farming systems. Conversely, a delay in the implementation of soil conservation farming systems in Ukraine will lead to a catastrophe due to the global degradation of soils. Energy-saving soil conservation farming systems are not yet fully studied from a scientific perspective, and therefore most agricultural producers do not fully understand their necessity and economic efficiency. One of the key aspects in this regard is the change of soil properties as a result of the implementation of conservation farming systems (No-till, Strip-till, etc.), as proving positive dynamics can be an additional argument in favor of transitioning to such technologies. Study Area: Kyiv Region, Bila Tserkva District, Bloshchyntsi Village, based on the farm “Mriya” LLC, within Field No. 1. We tracked the dynamics of soil property changes over an extended period, using baseline data from 2005 (when traditional tillage was practiced within the farm) and monitored the changes over 13 years after the introduction of No-till technology in 2007. Soil sampling and determination of soil properties were conducted according to generally accepted and approved research methodologies. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each soil conservation technology, with a particular focus on studying the changes of soil properties resulting from the implementation of No-till technology. The research results show that agro-physical indicators, such as soil bulk density, did not change significantly over the years. Agrochemical indicators, which are more variable over time, showed greater changes, especially the humus content, which increased by 1.4% over the reporting period. There is a positive trend in the increase of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen, which correlates with the increase in humus content. The use of liquid phosphorus starter fertilizers during sowing improved the dynamics of available phosphorus reserves, while the indicators of available potassium tended to decline. The level of micronutrient availability in the soil remains high. A clear trend towards an increase in boron content is observed, along with a simultaneous decrease in the content of other micronutrients, which is a natural phenomenon, as crop residues under No-till technology are the most important source of micronutrient return to the soil. No negative pesticide load on the soil has been observed, according to the obtained data.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF UKRAINE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE ENERGY CRISIS

2025-01-13T15:42:15+02:00

The relevance of the research topic is due to a significant increase in energy costs, which directly affects the cost of production of the agricultural sector and its competitiveness. According to the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine, as of 2023, the cost of diesel fuel increased by 10–15%, which directly affected the increase in the cost of cultivating one hectare of agricultural land. At the same time, power outages caused by attacks on the energy infrastructure forced agricultural companies to use generators, which significantly increased production costs. These factors are prompting Ukrainian agricultural businesses to look for innovative approaches to resource management in order to ensure the continuity of production processes and prevent further product price increases. This, in turn, requires the development of effective resource management strategies aimed at improving energy efficiency, optimizing costs and ensuring food security. In this context, the aim of the study is to analyses effective resource management strategies in the agricultural sector of Ukraine in the context of the current energy crisis, which would ensure production stability, increase productivity and reduce dependence on external energy carriers. The article conducts a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications in the Web of Science database in order to identify scientific trends in research on resource management in the agricultural sector of Ukraine in the context of the energy crisis. The analysis of 116 relevant scientific articles has revealed that the Russian armed aggression has significantly transformed the research landscape, raising the issues of energy security and sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex. Accordingly, there is a growing interest of the scientific community in energy efficiency, diversification of energy sources and the introduction of renewable energy technologies in agricultural production. The results obtained indicate that renewable energy sources are increasingly seen as a strategic resource for ensuring sustainable agricultural development and energy independence of Ukraine. It is particularly important that the Ukrainian agricultural sector can ensure its own energy independence through the active use of renewable energy sources. The integration of such sources into production processes not only contributes to energy security but also ensures harmonization with the principles of sustainable development. Studies confirm that effective resource management in the agricultural sector in the context of the energy crisis requires the implementation of a set of measures aimed at improving energy efficiency and expanding the use of renewable energy sources. In particular, the priority areas include modernization of equipment, introduction of energy-saving technologies and active use of solar energy and bioenergy. The implementation of these strategies will not only ensure the stability and competitiveness of agricultural production, but will also help to reduce the carbon footprint and achieve sustainable development goals.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MARBLING OF BEEF AND ITS QUALITY TRAITS IN CROSSBRED BULLS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY AND HOLSTEIN BREEDS

2025-01-13T15:48:16+02:00

The article presents the results of a study of the relationship between marbling (fat inclusions in the middle of the muscles) of beef and slaughter performance, morphological composition, and quality traits of carcasses in crossbred bulls from Ukrainian Black-and- White dairy cows (UBWDС) and Holstein bulls (H). Determining the relationship between the marbling of beef and its qualitative traits in widespread crossbreds from Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy and Holstein cattle is relevant. The aim of the work was to establish a correlation between the marbling of beef and the morphological composition and quality traits of 26 carcasses from 20–22-month-old bulls of the farm “Zhuravushka”, Brovary district, Kyiv region. The animals were slaughtered in the slaughterhouse of Kalynivka village. The live weight of the animals before slaughter was determined by weighing them before and after a 24-hour fast with free access to water. After slaughtering, the development of fat on the carcasses and their conformation (meatiness) were assessed according to the Commission Regulation system (EC, 2008). The marbling of m. longissimus dorsi, the color of muscle and adipose tissue were examined in accordance with the Japan Meat Grading Association standard (2000). The data obtained indicate a positive significant (P>0,95) correlation between the marbling of beef and the percentage of muscle tissue (r=0,576), and bones in the carcass (r=0,638), the development of adipose tissue on the carcass (r=0,661), the color of beef (r=0,644), and negative with the percentage of tendons and ligaments (r=-0,742). There is a tendency for an inverse correlation between the marbling of beef and slaughter yield (carcass), the percentage of muscle tissue of the highest and first grades, adipose tissue, the area of the “muscle eye”, positive with the percentage of muscle tissue of the second grade, the conformation (meatiness) of carcasses and the thickness of subcutaneous fat on them. The results can be used for sorting carcasses of crossbred bulls from Ukrainian Black-and-White cows and Holstein dairy bulls according to the intended purpose, taking into account the relationship between the marbling of m. longissimus dorsi beef and the quality characteristics of carcasses.

VARIETAL FEATURES OF LEAF SURFACE FORMATION AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC POTENTIAL OF VEGETABLE PEA PLANTS

2025-01-13T15:54:49+02:00

Providing the population with ecologically clean food products rich in protein is important. One of the crops that can play an important role in solving this problem is green peas. Increasing and ensuring the stability of crop yields, including vegetable peas, in the system of agrotechnical and organizational measures, the leading place belongs to varietal seeds, through which the potential capabilities of the variety are realized, in the case of sowing with low-quality seeds, the productive variety gives a low yield. The article presents the results of research on the growth of above-ground mass of plants, leaf surface, photosynthetic potential of sowing, net productivity, general and active symbiotic potential, elements of crop structure, yield and quality of seeds depending on the studied factors. Correlations between these indicators and yield were determined. It was established that the highest indicators of the leaf surface area at the beginning of the formation of beans were obtained in the varieties of vegetable peas Sherwood – 53.04 thousand m2, Sienna – 50.74, Glorivert – 47.94, Vinko – 44.23, Vivado – 44.28, AmalfiI – 42.42, while in the control variety Luschylnyi – 42.49 thousand m2, the lowest area of leaves was in the Amalfi variety – 42.42 thousand m2. The photosynthetic potential of pea plants reached its maximum value at the end of the flowering phase. By varieties, it grew from Vinko to Sherwood. According to the variants of sowing dates depending on the soil temperature at the depth of seed wrapping, it was better to reach a temperature of 4...6°С. A similar regularity was observed in terms of leaf area in the varieties, it increased from Hermes to Selene, and among the variants of the sowing dates – when the soil temperature at the depth of seed wrapping was 4...6°С.

INFLUENCE OF OF MICROFERTILIZERS ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF VEGETATIVE MASS AND RHIZOMES WITH ROOTS OF ECHINACEA PURPUREA (L.) MOENCH. PLANTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2025-01-13T16:04:14+02:00

The article, based on the results of scientific research in 2021–2023, highlighted the essence of adding trace elements and their use in the soil, which have the same valence and the ability to partially change, therefore, an important achievement was the determination of the function of trace elements and their safe use on Echinacea plants of purple varieties “Charivnytsia” and “Polish Beauty”. The soils of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine are poor in trace elements, their amount depends on the degree of podzolenization, the mechanical composition of the soil and the content of humus, which is quite low – 1.97%. It has been confirmed that Echinacea purple is demanding of trace elements such as boron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, to withstand adverse weather conditions, lodging and drought. It was established that the effectiveness of the use of microelements played an important role in the formation of the plant yield of the studied culture. Molybdenum with the yield of vegetative mass on average, 687 g from the vessel, is higher than the control variant by 162 g, rhizomes with roots – 598 – 135 g were obtained according to the results of research in the Charivnytsia variety. Similar indicators for the yield of rhizomes with roots of 578 g, which is 244 g higher than the control, were observed in the Poliska krasunya variety. According to chemical parameters, the highest content of essential oil of vegetative mass 0.28% and chicory acid 1.3% was provided by Charivnytsia variety. The difference between varieties was small. Research allows us to conclude that in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, it is possible to grow Echinacea purple on soils poor in these microelements, which regulated the quality of raw materials by applying them.

EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS AGAINST POTATO MYCOSIS

2025-01-13T16:08:53+02:00

In today’s conditions, the demand for organic food products, including potatoes, is growing. The development of harmful organisms on potatoes leads to annual crop losses, which can be more than 30% due to diseases alone. Phytophthora infestans Mont de Bary and Alternaria solani Sorauer, Alternaria alternata Keis are among the main fungal diseases of potatoes that parasitize during growing season and crop storage. For many years, to protect potatoes from these diseases, repeated spraying with fungicides during the growing season of plants was used, which contributed to the formation of resistance to active substances in pathogens. However, currently, in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment from the use of pesticides and obtaining organic products, the system of protecting potatoes from harmful organisms, including diseases, includes biological preparations. The article highlights the effectiveness of biological preparations against the pathogens of late blight and alternaria. The research was conducted in the conditions of the Berdychiv district of the Zhytomyr region during 2022–2024. The scheme of the experiment consisted of the following options: 1. Without preparations; 2. Applying MycoHelp (2,0 l/ha) to the soil + 3-time treatment with PhytoHelp (1,0 l/ha) during vegetation; 3. Treatment of MycoHelp tubers (2,0 l/t) + 3-time treatment of MycoHelp during vegetation (1,0 l/ha); 4. Treatment of tubers with FitoHelp (1,0 l/t) + 3-time treatment with FitoHelp during vegetation (1,0 l/ha). By using the studied biological preparations, the development and spread of late blight and alternaria was reduced by 1,8–3,2 and 2,4–4,9 times, respectively, compared to the control. The highest percentage in reducing the spread and development of the studied diseases was obtained in the variant with treatment of tubers with FitoHelp (1,0 l/t) + 3-time treatment with the drug FitoHelp during vegetation (1,0 l/ha). Reducing the spread and development of diseases during the growing season of potato plants had a positive effect on the yield and quality of tubers. In particular, an increase in the yield of potato tubers in the range of 2,2–3,1 t/ha was obtained. In the study of quality indicators, an increase in the content of dry matter in variants with the use of biological preparations by 0,07–0.28%, and starch – by 0.2–0.73%, compared to the control was established.

INFLUENCE OF THE CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY ELEMENTS ON THE YIELD AND SUGAR CONTENT OF SUGAR SORGHUM BIOMASS

2025-01-13T16:14:39+02:00

The article presents the research results on the influence of cultivation year conditions, row spacing width and sowing density on the formation of plant biometric parameters and the yield and sugar content of sugar sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench.) The crop selected for the study is a bioenergy plant that can provide high yields of solid and liquid biofuels. The research aimed to determine the influence of row spacing width and sowing density on the variability of plant biometric parameters, yield and sugar content of sorghum biomass of sugar variety Favoryt. The following methods were used during the research: field, measurement-weight, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. The research results prove that the increase in the density of sugar sorghum plants at a row spacing of 30 cm (up to 300 thousand plants/ha) causes a decrease in the biometric parameters of plants, and lodging of plants is observed. It was found that increasing the row spacing width up to 75 cm does not lead to a significant increase in the quantitative indicators of plants, and in some cases even reduces them. The optimal phytocoenosis for plant quantitative indicators is formed at a plant density of 200 thousand plants/ha when growing sugar sorghum with row spacing of 45 and 60 cm. The research showed that at a plant density of 200 thousand/ha with a row spacing of 45 cm, the biomass yield increases significantly up to 64.0 t/ha, in contrast to 60 cm, where 57.6 t/ha was obtained; at 75 cm row spacing, the yield was significantly lower (at the level of 55.4 t/ha), and at 30 cm it reached only 55.1 t/ha at the same plant density. Increasing and decreasing plant density does not lead to a significant increase in biomass yield. The sugar content of sugar sorghum biomass was found to be the highest in the variants of growing plants of 45 cm (13.2–13.3%), both narrowed and wider row spacing significantly reduced this indicator (up to 10.5–11.4%) Thus, coenotic factors (row spacing width and plant stem density) significantly influence the level of green mass yield. The highest value was obtained at the density of 200 thousand/ha of sugar sorghum plants at a row spacing of 45 cm. However, plant density does not always influence sugar content and this indicator is more influenced by the row spacing width and the cultivation year conditions.

IMPROVEMENT AGROTECHNICS OF GROWING CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L. IN THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE

2025-01-13T16:21:51+02:00

The article presents the results of the study of the features of the formation of the productivity of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) of the “Sonyachna Krasunya” variety and the substantiation of techniques for obtaining high yield of seeds with optimal quality indicators. It was found that the use of the plant growth regulator Stimpo increased germination by 7%, and Regoplant by 3%, compared to the control variant. Also, over the years of research, the effectiveness of the regulators increased from the first sowing date to the third. As a result of the analysis of the yield structure, it was noted that the number of seed baskets per metre varied over the years and depended on the factors studied. The largest number of them was formed on average in 2022 (328.1 pcs.), the smallest number in 2023 – 258.3 pcs. There is a tendency to increase the number of baskets per unit area when using growth regulators. The treatment of seeds and vegetative plants with Stimpo provided an increase in control of 54.6 units, and Regoplant – 30.2 units per 1 m2. In addition, it was noted that the weight of seeds per unit area decreases from the first sowing period to the third, but the use of Stimpo increases by 34.8 g/m2, and Regoplant – by 19.9 g/m2. The maximum seed weight was obtained with the use of Stimpo growth regulator in the first sowing term – 139.4 g/m2, the minimum – in the control at the third sowing term – 84.7 g/m2. It was found that sowing dates had a significant impact on the yield of conditioned seeds. Thus, the yield of conditioned seeds per hectare at the first sowing date was 991 kg, which is 177 kg (18%) more than at the second and 211 kg (22%) more than at the third sowing date. Growth regulators (regardless of other factors) significantly increased seed yields, with Stimpo yielding 168 kg/ha higher and Regoplant 159 kg/ha higher. However, the effectiveness of the preparations was higher at the first and second sowing dates. The increase to the control at the first sowing date from the use of Stimpo growth regulator was 241.0 kg/ha, Regoplant – 169.5 kg/ha, at the third sowing date – 241.5 kg/ha and 166.5 kg/ha, respectively. The treatment of calendula of the “Sonyachna Krasunya” variety with Speka desiccant increased the yield of conditioned seeds to 84.2% against 74.4% in the control.