Podilian Bulletin: agriculture, engineering, economics

EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN COMPREHENSIVE SCHEMES OF TREATMENT OF COWS FOR POST-CALVATIONAL ENDOMETRITIS

2025-04-14T15:39:54+03:00

Post-calvation diseases of the uterus are a serious problem of dairy cows, as they can affect a significant proportion of the population and have serious consequences for the reproductive ability of females and milk production. Therefore, the prevention and timely and effective treatment of puerperal complications should be considered as an important link in the system of measures to eliminate infertility and barrenness of cows. The paper presents the results of clinical and experimental studies on the regional use of antibiotics and stimulating drugs in comprehensive treatment schemes of cows for post-calvation endometritis. The basis of rational etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy was regional administration of drugs: into the internal iliac artery, paravaginally and intravaginally. Comprehensive and sequential treatment regimens for patients with endometritis in cows were scientifically substantiated, developed and tested. Clinical studies have shown that combined regional administration of enrofloxacin and metronidazole in combination with prostaglandin and a uterotonic drug turned out to be a more effective method of treating cows with purulent endometritis than their intramuscular injections. Injection of antimicrobial drugs into the main vessel that feeds the uterus allows to significantly concentrate their pharmacological action in the pathological focus. At the same time, the fertility of cows increased, the proportion of disease recurrence decreased, and the treatment period was shortened. Such a rational approach to improving therapy protocols allows reducing drug costs, which ensures its optimal pharmacoeconomic indicators. It was established that the combined administration of “broestrophan” and “docitol” due to the synergy of their action ensured active evacuation of exudate from the uterus and luteolysis, which positively affected the results of treatment and restoration of the reproductive function of cows.

THE DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF HEMATOBIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN DOGS WITH LIVER PATHOLOGIES

2025-04-17T11:21:54+03:00

The liver is one of the most important glands in the body, performing numerous biochemical and physiological functions that are critically necessary for metabolism. This allows it to perform its tasks even after significant pathological changes, thanks to its high regenerative capacity and substantial functional reserves. However, liver diseases such as acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholestasis, and cholangiohepatitis are among the leading causes of mortality in dogs. Changes in hematological and biochemical blood parameters can be important indicators for diagnosing these diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in hematological and biochemical parameters in dogs with various liver pathologies. The study was conducted on dogs of different breeds and age groups that visited veterinary clinics. It was found that in chronic hepatitis and cholestasis, the levels of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and hematocrit decrease, which may be associated with circulatory disorders or increased fragility of erythrocytes. Neutrophilia and a decrease in platelet count were observed in all pathologies, indicating bone marrow dysfunction or sequestration of platelets in the spleen. The study also revealed that the activity of transaminases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) increases in cases of hepatitis and cholestasis. A significant increase in bilirubin levels was recorded in cholestasis and chronic hepatitis. Decreased levels of albumin, globulin, and total protein in chronic liver diseases confirm the disturbance in protein metabolism, which may be related to malabsorption and inflammatory processes. A decrease in cholesterol and glucose levels was also noted, reflecting metabolic disturbances in liver diseases. Thus, the study showed that changes in hematological and biochemical parameters can be useful diagnostic markers for detecting and monitoring liver pathologies in dogs.

BACTERIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTITIS EXTERNA IN DOGS

2025-04-14T15:49:31+03:00

Otitis externa is an inflammation of the external auditory canal, which is a common dermatological disease among dogs. Microorganisms are considered constant favorable factors in the development of this disease. The aim of the study was to characterize and determine the bacterial and fungal microbiota of ear samples from healthy dogs in comparison with clinically affected samples. The study was conducted during 2021–2024 in veterinary clinics of Borshchov, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Chernivtsi. Microbiological studies on the isolation of microflora were carried out using methods generally accepted in microbiological practice. It was found that the most common breeds of dogs suffering from inflammation of the external ear are Labrador (23.4%), Shar Pei (20.1%), German Shepherd (10.3%), Cocker Spaniel (9.6%), French Bulldog (6.4%), Yorkshire Terrier (5.8%) and crossbreeds of dogs characterized by drooping ears (24.5%). No statistically significant differences were found between the studied age categories of dogs and their sex. However, dogs most often suffer from this disease in autumn and spring, which is explained by sharp changes in ambient temperature and a decrease in the efficiency of the immune system. Differences in the microbiota between healthy and affected animals were found. The main bacterial genera that undergo changes are Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, the frequency of their isolation increased with the development of external otitis media by 1.5 and 27 times. At the same time, Staphylococcus spp., in particular the species S. pseudintermedius (56%), is widely distributed among both healthy and sick animals, while P. aeruginosa (27%) is found to a greater extent in otitis. The most common fungal species among healthy and sick dogs is M. pachydermatis, the number of which increases with the development of otitis, complicating the disease. Therefore, understanding the interaction of pathogens involved in ear infections in dogs and their role in the pathogenesis of otitis externa in dogs is important for the development of new approaches to the prevention and treatment of this disease, without causing dysbacteriosis in the auricle.

PUT UP OF PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF SOWS WITH THE USE OF FEED ADDITIVE «IMUNOCHASNYK»

2025-04-14T08:20:27+03:00

Only a well-grounded approach to solving the problems of feeding technology in specific conditions of animal husbandry can guarantee their high immune status, ensure optimal nutritional value of feed and, accordingly, increase pig productivity. The use of complex feed additives helps to ensure high fertility, stimulate milk production and obtain good condition and uniform weight of newborn piglets, especially when feeding gestation and suckling sows of different reproductive cycles. The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of the use of a natural productivity stimulator, phytobiotic «IMUNOCHASNYK» based on bioactive compounds of plant origin for sows of different physiological state and farrowing cycle and its effect on their reproductive traits. The scientific and economic experiment was conducted at the farm of the private enterprise «Victoria» in Mykolaiv region during 2023–2024, on a population of 120 two-breed sows of the first cycle of reproduction (Large White (LW) × Landrace (L)), in combination with boars of the terminal line «РІС 337» (selection of the company «РІС», Great Britain). Sows were divided into four groups: I (control group) received standard basic rations (BR) without any additive during the idle, farrowing and suckling periods, II (experimental group) received a natural growth stimulant «IMUNOCHASNYK» in the amount of 500 g/ton of feed, III (experimental group) received an additive in the amount of 1000 g/ton of feed, IV (experimental group) received an additive in the amount of 1500 g/ton of feed. Components of the feed additive «IMUNOCHASNYK» by «Eagle Trading LLC» (Ukraine) help to improve their productive qualities when introduced into the diets of gilts, farrowing and lactating sows of the first farrowing. The addition of one kilogram of the feed additive «IMUNOCHASNYK» (Allium Sativum L. & Carum Carvi L.) to the diet of sows during pregnancy and lactation has a more effective effect on their reproductive qualities, which is confirmed by a higher index of reproductive qualities. Sows of the III group (1 kg/t) had an estimated index of 40.85 points, compared to 33.21 points in the control group and 36.14 and 37.67 points in animals of the II (0.5 kg/t) and IV (1.5 kg/t) experimental groups. With the use of the additive «IMUNOCHASNYK» in the diets of sows of the first cycle of reproduction, it is possible to create optimal technological conditions and prevent the negative factors of rigid industrial technology and provide better prerequisites for the process of fertilization, fruit formation and, consequently, increase the growth energy of suckling piglets with higher safety during farrowing.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY OF FODDER BEET PLANTS DEPENDING ON THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS

2025-04-14T08:36:08+03:00

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of mineral fertilizer rates on the variability of leaf area and photosynthetic indicators of fodder beet plants in the conditions of the western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. It was established that the use of mineral fertilizers significantly increases the photosynthetic activity of fodder beet crops. Thus, for the first decade of June, the average leaf area of the Sonet variety was 10.94 thousand m2/ha, for the Olzhych variety – 13.88 thousand m2/ha, and for the Starmon variety – 15.69 thousand m2/ha. The highest leaf area was noted for the first decade of August. The options where mineral fertilizers were used were better compared to the options without fertilizers. In terms of varieties, the largest leaf area of fodder beet was in the Starmon variety compared to the Sonet and Olzhych varieties. The highest value of the analyzed indicator was observed in the variant with the application rate N150P75K225 63.81thousand m2/ha, which is 28.1% more than the control. As of the harvest period, a decrease in leaf area was observed in fodder beet plants. During the years of research, the highest photosynthetic potential was during the period of intensive growth (10.08). Against the background of no fertilizers, the level of this indicator was within 2.275 million m2 × day/ha in the Sonet variety, 2.724 million m2 × day/ha in the Olzhych variety, and 3.279 million m2 × day/ha in the Starmon variety. The best conditions for increasing the photosynthetic potential were created when applying complete mineral fertilizer to the soil. The highest photosynthetic potential was in the Starmon variety against the background of fertilizers with the norm N150P75K225 and N225P75K150 – 4,764 and 4,589million m2 × days/ha. During the harvesting period, the photosynthetic potential of the studied varieties decreased almost to the same level as in July, however, during the years of research, the Starmon and Olzhych varieties still had a powerful assimilation apparatus at the time of harvesting, with the FP averaging 3.80 and 3.49 million m2 × days/ha versus 2.70 in the Sonet variety. The highest value of photosynthesis productivity was noted in the first decade of July (closing of rows). Thus, in the control plot, the productivity level was 4.23 g/m² per day for the Sonet variety, 4.26 g/m² per day for the Olzhych variety, and 6.43 g/m² per day for the Starmon variety. While, when fertilizers were applied, this indicator was within the range of 6.02-6.91 g/m² per day for the first variety, 6.98-7.84 g/m² per day for the second variety, and 10.06-11.23 g/m² per day for the third variety.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLACK CUMIN SEEDS DEPENDING ON THE SOWING DATE AND SEEDING RATE

2025-04-14T08:43:39+03:00

The scientific article considers the issue of optimizing the complex of agrotechnical measures for growing black cumin in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe. The chemical composition of black cumin seeds is given and the pharmacological properties of the use of black cumin active substances are highlighted. The purpose of our research was to establish the optimal sowing date and seeding rate of black cumin seeds to increase seed yield and improve its quality indicators, in particular its chemical composition. A two-factor experiment was set up. Factor A is the sowing date (2nd decade of April, 3rd decade of April, 1st decade of May), factor B is the seeding rate (10, 12 and 14 kg/ha), the control variant was taken as sowing in the 3rd decade of April with a seeding rate of 10 kg/ha. The studies have established that in favorable weather conditions in 2021, optimal indicators of the quality of black cumin seeds were formed, and in 2023, the lowest. The highest percentage of fat in black cumin seeds was characterized by the sowing period in the second decade of April, the indicators at seeding rates of 10 and 12 kg/ha were on average over the years of research, respectively: 36.6 and 36.5%. The optimal indicators of the content of essential oil were when sowing black cumin in the second decade of April with seeding rates of 10 and 12 kg/ha, the indicator was on average over the years of research 1.4%, which exceeds the control variant by 0.2%. It is proven that the sowing period and seeding rate affected the protein content in black cumin seeds, which was within 20.7–22.8%. It was optimal for sowing in the third decade of April and seeding rate of 14 kg/ha – 22.8%. The carbohydrate content was within 5.53–7.03%. There was a significant difference at different sowing dates and seeding rates, the processing method did not affect the indicator. The maximum carbohydrate content was for sowing in the first decade of May with a seeding rate of 14 kg/ha, the values were 6.93–7.03%.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SOWS WITH DIFFERENT MACHINES IN THE REPRODUCTION SHOP

2025-04-14T08:48:24+03:00

The modern development of pig production is focused on ensuring high quality meat products with strict adherence to animal welfare standards. In EU countries, this has led to the prohibition of individual sow housing for most of the breeding season. At the same time, both in Europe and Ukraine, a significant proportion of sows are still kept in individual fixation pens during farrowing and lactation, which limits their physical activity. It is becoming increasingly important to keep sows free during lactation, which helps to implement the natural behaviour of animals. However, such a system requires significant financial flows to be allocated to the reconstruction of production facilities, which puts producers in the position of minimizing costs and optimizing the use of production space, as the introduction of new technologies is accompanied by an increase in the size of farrowing pens. In this regard, constructive technological solutions for modifying sow farrowing equipment at different periods of the reproductive cycle are a production necessity, which focused the authors’ interest in conducting the experiment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the productive performance of sows and suckling piglets using traditional farrowing fixation machines and improved machines that provide free keeping of lactating sows from 7 days of the suckling period to weaning in industrial pig production. In 2023–2024, a scientific and economic experiment was conducted at the “Victoriуa” by private enterprise (Mykolaiv region), which included 192 sow nests in the farrowing shop with 2706 suckling piglets during two adjacent farrowings. The research was conducted on pigs of the combination ♀ (LW × L) × ♂ Maxter and ♀ (LW × L) × ♂ PIC 337. During the idle period and the first 30 days of pregnancy, all sows were kept in individual pens, and after confirmation of pregnancy – in group pens (6 heads each). 5 days before the expected farrowing date, they were transferred to the farrowing shop, where they were divided into the following groups: Groups I and II – traditional pens with fixation during the entire suckling period (total area 4,32 m²); Groups III and IV – improved pens with the possibility of free housing from day 7 of lactation to weaning (total area 7,20 m², manufactured by AgroDana LLC, Ukraine). The analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference in the total number of piglets at birth, the proportion of stillborn piglets, nest weight and large-fecundity among the study groups. At the same time, the traditional fixed maintenance of sows during the entire suckling period provided higher reproductive performance, which is confirmed by the indices of reproductive qualities (44,74 and 47,79 points, respectively, for groups I and II). However, in groups III and IV, where sows were kept in free mode after 7 days of lactation, better reproductive results were recorded in subsequent reproductive cycles. The percentage of fertilized sows in these groups was higher (95,8% in group III and 93,8% in group IV). As for the consumption of body reserves, the thickness of the fat in sows of all groups remained within the normative values. However, in the free-stall groups, fat loss was significantly higher, indicating higher energy expenditure under conditions of increased motor activity (groups III and IV: 3,96–4,17 mm). The results obtained indicate that traditional fixed housing of sows provides a higher level of reproductive traits during lactation, but free housing improves reproductive performance in subsequent cycles. Thus, the combination of both technologies can be a promising approach to improving the efficiency of industrial pig production, ensuring both productivity and animal welfare.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEANS IN POLISSYA CONDITIONS DEPENDING ON EM-PREPARATIONS

2025-04-14T08:53:54+03:00

Soil fertility decline occurs due to intensive degradation, reclamation disorder, and pollution caused by unbalanced application of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. The amount of organic fertilizers has sharply decreased from 10 t/ha in 1900 to 0,5 t/ha in 2025. Soil fertility also declines due to soil compaction, which significantly delays the growth and development of the root system. The application of organic materials – such as by-products, crop residues, straw, green manure, and other plant-based products – activates soil microbiota, positively affecting soil fertility restoration. It has been proven that biofertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus, biostimulants, biofungicides, bioinsecticides, and other cellulosedegrading agents containing a range of cellulolytic enzymes promote the mineralization of organic residues. This study focuses on the impact of effective microorganisms (EM preparations) on soybean productivity and soil fertility restoration. Foliar application at the BBCH growth stages 13-19 and 49-59 contributes to plant preservation at 98%, ensuring a plant density of 488 000 plants/ha. The optimal leaf area ranges from 44 000 to 45 000 m²/ha, while photosynthetic productivity at the pod formation phase reaches 3 million m²·days/ha, ensuring a net photosynthetic productivity of 3,22–4,86 g/m² per day. This promotes the active formation of root nodule bacteria, with their mass at BBCH stages 13-19 + 49-59 + 60-69 ranging from 156 to 158 kg/ha. The active symbiosis of soybean photosynthesis and nodule bacteria development facilitates the accumulation of organic matter and total biological nitrogen at 242 kg/ha, equivalent to 7 centners of ammonium nitrate, ensuring a soybean yield of 3,3–3,4 t/ha. The use of EM preparations enhances protein and oil content, improves soil fertility, and reduces the need for mineral fertilizers, making EM technology a promising approach for ecological crop production.

FORMATION OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDS ON MICROFERRALS AND FUNGICIDE PROTECTION

2025-04-14T09:02:35+03:00

The article presents the results of the influence of microfertilizers during foliar feeding of fungicides and spraying of plants with them on the productivity of soybean varieties. The studies have established that the dominant diseases of the soybean leaf apparatus during the growing season were downy mildew (the causative agent of Peronospora manshurica (Naum)) and Septoria blight (Sеptoria glycines). Among the studied varieties resistant to downy mildew and Septoria blight, no diseases were found. The development of downy mildew (phase BBCH 69) was within 17,4–20,3%, Septoria blight 12,8–14,3%. During feeding with the microfertilizer Fulvogumin, a slight decrease in the development of downy mildew was observed due to better plant development. Fungicides led to a limitation of the development of the main diseases of soybean leaves. The effectiveness of the fungicide Allett®, 1,7 l/ha when applied in the BBCH 51 phase and Propuls®, 1,0 l/ha in the BBCH 61 phase against downy mildew was within 66,1–72,7%, against septoria 82,5–85,6%. With the combined use of microfertilizers and fungicides, a synergistic effect was observed, which manifested itself in a decrease in the intensity of development of downy mildew by 3,6–3,9%, septoria 1,6–3,8%. Among the studied varieties, the lowest yield was in the Samorodok variety – 3,41 t/ha, and the highest in Azimut – 3,88 t/ha, in the Rogiznyanka and Triada varieties – 3,41 and 3,52 t/ha, respectively. With two-time foliar top dressing with Fulvogumin, we obtained an increase in yield within 0,18–0,37 t/ha compared to the basic variant of fertilizer N30P60K60. The fungicide protection system was effective and contributed to the formation of 0,23–0,45 t/ha more grain than in variants without application. Foliar fertilization with Fulvogumin in combination with fungicide protection ensured a greater realization of the productivity potential of soybean varieties than the use of these elements of technology separately. The yield increase in the Samorodok variety was 0,35 t/ha, Rogiznyanka and Triada – 0,43 and 0,41 t/ha, in the Azimut variety – 0,65 t/ha.

SEED YIELD OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NORTHERN STEPPE

2025-04-14T09:11:30+03:00

According to the articles results of the research carried out in the conditions of the private enterprise “Agro-Alliance-2007” in Lozivsky district of Kharkiv region, the yield of a number of sunflower hybrids of different maturity on a typical weakly eroded low-humus heavy loam chernozem in water-deficit conditions in 2024 was estimated. This region can be attributed to the zone of risk agriculture due to the lack of moisture and local manifestations of erosion and degradation processes throughout the year. The comparison of the yield level of the crop was carried out for 21 sunflower hybrids from such trademarks as TM “Pioneer”, TM “Lidea” and TM “Limagrain”. In addition to the yield level, the degree of seed moisture at the harvesting time and the value of the actual weight of sunflower seeds at the bunker level were determined with an assessment of the economic efficiency of growing the specified hybrids in the conditions of the past 2024. The results of such characterization of the features of sunflower hybrids growing from different manufacturers, represented by the characteristics of the natural weight and moisture content for the hybrids in the experiment, showed the presence of higher values of natural weight of hybrids from TM “Pioneer” (from 940 to 2 000 kg) compared to relatively lower indicators for the absolute number of hybrids from TM “Lidea” (from 560 to 920 kg) and TM “Limagrain” (from 490 to 940 kg). As for the seed moisture index, according to this index, the average values for hybrids ranged from 8,0 to 9,9% for TM “Pioneer”; from 8,3 to 9,2% for TM “Lidea”; from 8,1 to 10,4% for TM “Limagrain”. These values may be due to the early dates of crop harvesting in conditions of insufficient rainfall during the flowering phase – the beginning of seed filling (from early June to early August). The yield of sunflower hybrids from TM “Limagrain” (29,5–39,5 c/ha) was generally higher than other producers and in the conditions of the dry summer of 2024 covered most of the experimental options for mid-early hybrids, providing a yield at the level of average multi-year yield values in the region in past years. Of the two mid-early TM “Lidea” hybrids, only Belfis was at a similar level of productivity (30,2 c/ha), while Argentik demonstrated almost twice the yield (18,6 c/ha), and only the mid-early hybrid from the TM “Pioneer” hybrid 64F66 had a yield of 30,3 c/ha. TM “Limagrain” hybrids were the highest in terms of profitability in the study, which, given the yield level in the dry summer period of 2024, demonstrated values at the level of more favorable previous years. The vast majority of TM “Limagrain” hybrids corresponded to the yield values even under the early conditions of seed collection, which makes it possible to recommend them for cultivation in the arid conditions of the Lozivsky district of the Kharkiv region, which geographically belongs to the Northern Steppe.

THE EFFECT OF THE SYNBIOTIC DRUG “BIOMAGN” ON THE DYNAMICS OF LIVE WEIGHT AND REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY OF COWS

2025-04-14T09:16:46+03:00

The data of the study of the influence of different doses of the probiotic feed additive “Biomagn” on the dynamics of live weight and reproductive ability of cows are presented. It was found that cows of all experimental groups during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd months of lactation, which coincided with the 1st – 3rd months of the experiment, lost their live weight, which is typical for newly calved cows, especially high-yielding ones. However, these losses in animals of the experimental groups were smaller by 8,7; 7,9 and 8,3 kg, or 1,66; 1,50 and 1,58%, respectively, which is almost two times less. During the 2nd month of the experiment, there was also a decrease in the live weight of experimental cows. Moreover, in control animals it was on average 9,2 kg, or 1,8%, and in experimental animals – 3,9–4,3 kg, or 0,75–0,83%. In the third month of the experiment, the losses in live weight of cows of all groups compared to the 1st month decreased significantly, but in control animals they were more noticeable than in experimental ones – 4,3 versus 2,0–2,2 kg. In general, over the last two months of the experiment, the live weight of cows in the control group increased by 8,9 kg, or 1,76%. As for the increase in live weight in experimental cows, it was 13,5–14,3 kg, or 2,60–2,76%, which is higher than in the control, by 4,6–5,4 kg, or 51,7–60,7%. The formation of milk productivity of cows was significantly influenced by indicators of their reproductive ability. Cows of experimental groups were ahead of their counterparts from the control group by the duration of the service period by 17–20 days. At the same time, the shortest period from calving to fertilization was observed in cows of the 3rd experimental group, which were fertilized 79 days after calving, while animals of the control group were fertilized 20 days later. As for the insemination index, it was lower in cows of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th experimental groups compared to the control by 0,44; 0,48 and 0,42. If for one insemination of cows of the control group it was necessary to carry out an average of 1,67 inseminations, then for animals of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th experimental groups – 1,23; 1,19 and 1,25 inseminations. Practically, experimental cows compared to the control ones were inseminated after the first insemination, which is obviously due to the introduction of the feed additive “Biomagn” into the diet of dairy cows.

EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT RATES OF PRE-SOWING FERTILIZATION OF WINTER RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE ON LEACHED CHERNOZEM

2025-04-14T09:57:11+03:00

This article investigates the efficiency of different rates of pre-sowing fertilization of winter rape on leached chernozem in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe. The primary objective is to determine the optimal fertilization rates to increase the yield of winter rape (Brassica napus L.) and to assess the morpho-biological state of the plants throughout the growing season. The research was conducted in the Pidhaichsky district of the Ternopil region, a soil-climatic zone of the Western Forest- Steppe. The soil of the experimental plots is leached chernozem, deep, moderately humus-rich, heavy loam. This soil type is typical for the region, interspersed with podzolic and typical chernozems. Sowing was carried out using the Horsch Focus 7 MT grain seeder complex with simultaneous application of pre-sowing granular complex fertilizer. The same cultivation technology was used for all studied variants, adhering to the single difference factor condition. The hybrid used was Trezor. The preceding crop was winter wheat, with no prior soil tillage before sowing. Linear dependencies between the number of aborted pods and the number of formed pods, as well as between the root neck diameter and the number of formed pods, were also established. The study results showed a significant impact of pre-sowing fertilization rates on the yield of winter rape, with high correlation coefficients between the morphological characteristics of rape plants. The results indicated a close relationship between seed yield and fertilization level. At the same time, the results suggest the presence of a limiting factor in the studied soils, as well as significant soil reserves of nutrients. Optimal pre-sowing fertilization rates for winter rape ensure high seed yield. The proposed fertilization rates allow for stable agrobiocenosis development and high winter rape productivity in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe on leached chernozem.

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MODIFICATION OF MEAT PRODUCTS USING NATURAL FOOD ADDITIVES

2025-04-14T10:01:00+03:00

Modern meat processing production is constantly developing, introducing new technologies and innovative approaches. One of these areas is the use of food additives. These substances allow not only to improve the taste and appearance of finished products, but also to ensure their safety and increase the shelf life. In the course of the work, the scientific basis for the use of vegetable fillers based on onions and carrots was developed, their composition for the production of boiled sausages was substantiated. The functional and technological properties of meat products with vegetable fillers were studied, which provide new solutions for the quality of products, and the rational level of onion introduction into meat raw materials was substantiated. According to the results obtained in the study of peroxide and thiobarbituric numbers in boiled sausages, the fact of inhibition of oxidative processes in the fat fraction of boiled sausages in the presence of vegetable fillers in the product was established. It was found that the introduction of onions and carrots increases the biological value, antioxidant activity, and color stabilization. It was established that the introduction of vegetable fillers allows to increase the biological value, improve the functional and technological properties and reduce the cost of boiled sausage. Based on the data obtained on changes in the structural and mechanical properties, moisture-binding capacity and oxidation intensity of animal fats, it was established that at a concentration of 2,5%, the antioxidant properties of onion components are insufficiently manifested; increasing the onion content to 7% is inappropriate due to the general deterioration of organoleptic indicators, such as aroma and taste. Thus, it can be recommended, when making minced meat, to add onion in the amount of 5% and onion together with carrots in the amount of 5% and 10%, respectively, which will allow to obtain finished sausage products with high quality indicators. The results of the research formed the basis for the development of the technology of boiled sausages using the properties of vegetable fillers based on onions and carrots.

HERBICIDE TECHNOLOGY OF SUNFLOWER PROTECTION UNDER UNSTABLE MOISTURE CONDITIONS

2025-04-14T10:42:48+03:00

The article highlights the issue of weeding of sunflower crops, which is one of the important factors preventing hybrids from realizing their genetic potential. The result of the research is the analysis of segetal and ruderal vegetation of agrophytocenosis in critical phases of growth and development of sunflower hybrids to control the phytosanitary state of crops using soil herbicides. It was established that the following weeds were observed during the research: young ‒ Amaranthus retroflexus, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album, Thlaspi arvense L., Stellaria media L., Thlaspi arvense L.; perennial – Cirsium arvense, Elymus repens (L.). The largest number of weeds was from the group of dicot annuals – 55%, the smallest share was the group of perennial weeds – 15%, cereal weeds accounted for 30%. Research has established that the use of herbicides and their mixtures significantly influenced the formation of the sunflower crop due to the lack of competition with weed vegetation in the initial phases of growth. The best indicators were obtained when using a mixture of herbicides (Propazox + Promex), which was applied to sunflower seedlings, the obtained result exceeded the control by 3,3 с/ha, in the variant with the use of the drug Promex, the yield increased by 2,0 с/ha, and when using of the drug Propazox at 1,8 c/ha. Research results confirm that the use of herbicide mixtures (Propazox + Promex) to control the level of weeding of sunflower crops at the initial stages of growth and development contributes to increasing crop productivity. The results of the research give reason to recommend the use of Propazox + Promex herbicide mixtures to enhance their phytotoxic effect on segetal vegetation, which will prevent the disclosure of the genetic potential of sunflower hybrids and profit from crop cultivation.

IMPACT OF AGROTECHNICAL MEASURES ON THE VEGETATION PERIOD OF PEAS IN THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST STEPPE REGION

2025-04-14T10:53:00+03:00

The dynamic nature of crop cultivation technologies necessitates continuous adaptation to environmental conditions, new varietal characteristics, and logistical advancements to optimize growth and development conditions for pea plants. Modern climate change and fluctuating weather patterns demand high adaptive potential in pea varieties to recover metabolic processes following stressors. Each variety exhibits critical thresholds for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. In dry years, the pea growing season may shorten by up to 10 days, reducing productivity. The typical growing season for spring peas in the forest-steppe zone ranges from 75 to 105 days, extending to 140 days in very late-ripening varieties. This study aimed to assess the effects of agrotechnical measures on the growing season of peas in the right-bank Forest-Steppe region from 2020 to 2024. Field experiments were conducted using the Hambit and Eso pea varieties. Observations revealed that the growing season ranged from 76 to 88 days, depending on meteorological conditions, seed treatments, and foliar nutrition. Positive impacts on interphase periods and the overall growing season were observed with the application of mycorrhizal preparations and inoculants. When fertilized with Mikofrend in combination with inoculants, the Eso variety exhibited a growing season of 79–84 days, while the Gambit variety ranged from 80–83 days. Foliar applications of microfertilizers further extended the growing season, reaching 82–86 days for Eso and 83–88 days for Hambit. Phenological studies confirmed that seed treatments with mycorrhizal preparations and inoculants extended the growing season by 6–8 days. The use of Nais and Avanhard microfertilizers contributed an additional 2–3 days of growth, depending on the variety. These findings highlight the importance of agrotechnical measures, including mycorrhizal preparations, inoculants, and microfertilizers, in extending the growing season and optimizing pea productivity under changing environmental conditions.

BALANCE OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN THE BODY OF YOUNG CATTLE WITH DIFFERENT SOURCES OF SELENIUM IN THE DIET

2025-04-14T10:58:53+03:00

The data of the study of the influence of different sources of selenium in the diet on its availability to the body, on the balance of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, zinc and selenium itself in the body of experimental heifers are presented. It was found that an increased level of selenium in the diet (0,3 mg/kg of BDW) contributed to better deposition of calcium in the body of experimental young animals. In heifers of the experimental groups, compared to the control, less calcium was excreted in feces by 0,76–4,3% and in urine by 10,8–16,5%. Moreover, the lowest urinary calcium excretion (0,79 g) was observed in heifers of the 4th experimental group, the source of selenium in the diet of which was selenomethionine. The lowest urinary phosphorus excretion was observed in heifers of the 4th experimental group, which received organic selenium in addition to the diet. However, in terms of urinary phosphorus excretion, the heifers of the 3rd experimental group were not much inferior to the animals of the 4th experimental group – only 0,02 g, or 2,1%, and the heifers of the 3rd experimental group – by 0,07 g, or 7,4%. Unlike calcium and phosphorus, the dependence of sulfur metabolism on both the level of selenium and its source was noted in the metabolic experiment. The experimental heifers differed from the control analogues in the relative indicators of sulfur absorption in the body from its consumed amount by 4,64–5,80%. It should be noted that the lowest endogenous urinary sulfur excretion and the highest balance were noted in the heifers of the 4th experimental group, slightly lower in the animals of the 3rd, and even lower in the animals of the 2nd experimental group. The experimental heifers differed from the control in a better copper balance. Among the 3 experimental groups, heifers of the 4th experimental group were characterized by the lowest urinary copper excretion and a higher balance, although the difference in these indicators between the animals of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups is significant. Among the experimental groups of heifers, the 4th experimental group with the content of selenomethionine in the diet was characterized by lower zinc excretion and a higher balance, although the difference in indicators between the 2nd and 3rd groups was not significant. In control animals, the selenium balance was only 0,004 mg), and in the experimental animals it was 173,5–189,8 times higher. Relative selenium absorption rates were higher in animals of the 4th and 3rd groups (35,1 and 33,4 versus 30,0%).

EVALUATION OF TOMATO FRUIT QUALITY DEPENDING ON STORAGE CONDITIONS

2025-04-14T11:05:05+03:00

Tomato is a crop of global importance, valued for its nutritional properties and culinary versatility, tomato fruits are consumed fresh and processed. The article analyzes ways to increase the efficiency of ripening of tomato hybrids of different ripeness groups when stored for short-term storage. Experimental studies were conducted over three years (2020–2022). The most important indicator of tomato fruit quality was testing the effect of storage conditions on the ripening of tomato fruits. For short-term storage of the fruits of the last harvest, which are most often harvested green or at the stage of waxy ripeness, an important characteristic for the sale of products is the simultaneous ripening of fruits. When organizing ripening, the collected unripe products are brought to biological ripeness under certain conditions. In the process of ripening, under the action of the phytohormone ethylene, green tomato fruits soften and ripen quickly. However, fruits planted without treatment for ripening ripen very unevenly under the most favorable conditions. To preserve the quality and quantity of marketable products, the optimal methods of processing tomato fruits one or two days before harvest using the Sweet biopreparation or C2H5OH solution are those that provide a consistently high level of simultaneous ripening during short-term storage of tomato fruits. The optimal short-term storage period is 20 days when all fruits ripen, and the percentage of diseased and damaged fruits is minimal. The study emphasizes the importance of optimizing ripening processes during short-term storage of tomato fruits to preserve their quality and extend their shelf life. This knowledge can help in the development of improved post-harvest processing methods to increase the competitiveness of the vegetable growing industry.

RATIONALE FOR EXPANDING THE RANGE CULTIVATION OF NICHE CROPS IN POLISSYA OF UKRAINE FOR HEALTHY NUTRITION

2025-04-14T11:36:00+03:00

In the current conditions of global climate change, transformation of the agricultural sector and growing demand for environmentally friendly and high-quality phytoproducts, the need to expand the range of niche crops grown in Polissya of Ukraine is of particular importance. The article investigates the advantages of growing grain sorghum and winter spelt. Expanding the range of crops is a key step towards ensuring a balanced diet, strengthening food security and developing the agricultural sector. These crops are highly adaptable to the specific climatic conditions of the region, including low-fertility soils and unstable moisture. Studies emphasize their environmental sustainability, low resource requirements, and high economic viability. Grain sorghum is attractive due to its drought tolerance, high fiber content, and lack of gluten, which makes it a valuable component of a healthy diet. Winter spelt is highly resistant to disease and has a rich nutritional composition with high protein and trace elements. Both crops have significant potential for organic farming and export activities, meeting modern trends in healthy lifestyles. The results of the analysis confirmed the prospects of integrating these crops into crop rotations in Polissia. The environmental analysis showed that they contribute to soil restoration, reduce energy consumption, and ensure biodiversity. The economic analysis confirmed the high profitability of cultivation due to stable demand in domestic and foreign markets. The introduction of niche crops will not only strengthen the agricultural sector, but also contribute to the development of rural communities by creating new jobs and increasing farmers’ incomes. The research is a valuable resource for farmers, agronomists and scientists looking for effective solutions for sustainable agricultural production in the face of climate change.

PARAMETERS OF VARIETIES OF SUDAN SORGHUM (SUDAN GRASS) WHEN GROWN FOR SEEDS

2025-04-14T11:39:58+03:00

When expanding the sown areas under Sudan grass, it is important to ensure the production of a sufficient number of seeds of this crop and the selection of varieties not only with economic and valuable fodder characteristics, but also with sustainable ecological characteristics that would contribute to the increase of the crop area, increase resistance to adverse vegetation conditions and other characteristics. The State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine for 2025, presented in the Information and Reference System Sort of the Ukrainian Institute of Plant Varieties Examination, was processed. All varieties of Sudanese grass were analyzed by the duration of the growing season when harvesting for seeds, the resistance of varieties to cold, drought, diseases and pests; seed yield. Correlations between the studied factors were calculated. The conducted studies have established that the highest seed yield among Sudanese grass varieties is noted by: Suzi – 3,9 t/ha, Kovalivska – 3,0 t/ha and Dniprovska 54 – 2,84 t/ha. The lowest seed yield is noted by the varieties Bilyavka – 1,4 t/ha and Murashka – 1,5 t/ha. The Suzi variety was the most resistant to pests. The varieties most resistant to diseases were: Suzi, Bilyavka, Strategy. The varieties with increased drought resistance were: Suzi, Kovalivska, Dniprovska 54, Murashka, Bilyavka and Strategy. The varieties with the most cold resistance were: Kovalivska, Dniprovska 54, Murashka, Bilyavka, Strategy, Altura. The varieties with the most resistance to lodging were: Suzi, Kovalivska, Dniprovska 54, Murashka, Bilyavka. It was found that the high yield of the seeds of the Suzy variety is ensured by the highest drought resistance, resistance to diseases, pests and lodging. The high yield of the seeds of the Kovalivska and Dniprovska 54 varieties is ensured by the highest cold resistance, drought resistance and lodging resistance.

FORMATION OF BIOMETRIC INDICATORS OF MARIGOLDS DEPENDING ON THE USE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

2025-04-14T11:46:59+03:00

The article considers the issue of the feasibility of introducing plant growth regulators into the technology of growing marigolds in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe. The results of research by the scientific community on the effectiveness of the use of biologically active preparations for growing medicinal plants in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine are presented. The purpose of our research was to establish the method of applying a plant growth regulator on the growth, development and individual productivity of medicinal marigold plants. A two-factor experiment was set up, where factor A is a growth regulator (without a growth regulator – control, Ivin, Avangard Stimul, Azotofit R), factor B is the method of applying the growth regulator (seed treatment, spraying of crops in the leaf rosette phase). The studies have established that growth regulators had an effect on the formation of the habit of medicinal marigold plants by both methods of application – pre-sowing seed treatment and spraying of vegetative plants. The height of the plants increased by 2.2–10.4 cm depending on the year of the research. The optimal indicators were with the use of the drug Azotofit R in both methods, with seed treatment the indicator was 70.8 cm, with spraying the crops – 75.6 cm, as well as with the variant of treating the seeds with the growth regulator Ivin with an indicator of – 70.3 cm. The optimal number of inflorescences on average over the years of research was formed on plants of the variants where the crops were sprayed with the plant growth regulator Azotofit R (with an excess of control by 3.9 pcs.) and pre-sowing treatment of the seeds with the drug Ivin (with an excess of control by 3.5 pcs.). It was experimentally established that the optimal diameter of inflorescences was in the variant of spraying with the drug Azotofit R, the indicator was 5.5 cm, slightly smaller baskets were formed in the variants of seed treatment with growth regulators Azotofit R and Ivin, the indicator was 5.2 cm, i.e. exceeding the control by 0.6 cm.

MANIPULATION OF PIGS IN GROWING WITH ENRICHMENT OBJECTS

2025-04-14T11:50:31+03:00

Environmental enrichment in pig production is an important tool for improving animal welfare and preventing the development of stereotypical behaviour. The lack of opportunity to realize natural exploratory activity in industrial conditions can lead to stress, aggression and deterioration of pig performance. In this study we visualized the manipulations of growing pigs using three different enrichment objects: plastic bottles half-filled with grain, ropes suspended from the cage fence, and piles of paper. The assessment of manipulative behavior was based on the analysis of the frequency of interaction with the objects (times/hour), the average duration of manipulation with the object (h/day), and the time spent on manipulation (in min/hour). The study of manipulations of pigs in growing up in the presence of enrichment objects was conducted on animals where the maternal form is sows of Large White breed, and the paternal form is boars PIC 337, which were kept in the conditions of the pig complex of the private enterprise “Victoriya” of Bashtanka district, Mykolayiv region. All experimental animals were distributed into cages (according to the principle of analogs) with 88 heads in each (4 cages). The study was based on the data of the experiment and the dynamics of animal behaviour for 7 days. The results show that plastic grain bottles cause the highest level of behavioral activity. The frequency of manipulation with this object is on average 22 times/hour, the average duration of manipulation per day is 3.5 hours, and the average time of manipulation per hour is 13.6 minutes. Ropes are of somewhat less interest: 15.7 manipulations/hour, the average duration of interaction is 2 hours/ day, and the average time of activity is 9.1 minutes/hour. The lowest level of behavioural activity was recorded for piles of paper, with which pigs come into contact an average of 6 times/hour, with an average interaction duration of 30 minutes/day, which is associated with rapid deformation of the paper due to chewing. The highest level of activity in interaction with enrichment objects was observed in the first two days after the introduction of new objects, with a gradual decrease in subsequent days. In the case of plastic bottles with grain, behavioural activity remained stable throughout the study period, which is explained by the presence of a food stimulus. The ropes gradually lost their attractiveness, and the paper quickly lost interest after the first day due to its destruction. The obtained results confirm the importance of using enrichment objects to stimulate the natural activity of pigs in industrial conditions. The use of plastic bottles with grain is the most effective way to engage animals in manipulative behaviour, which obviously contributes to reducing stress and improving the overall welfare of pigs. The results of this experiment can be used for further research and development of strategies for enriching the environment at pig farms.

THE IMPACT OF SYSTEMATIC HERBICIDE APPLICATION ON MAIZE GRAIN YIELD

2025-04-14T12:08:21+03:00

Modern agriculture focuses on the adaptive utilization of resources and the implementation of innovative agro-technologies, particularly the efficient use of herbicides in maize grain crops. The relevance of this study is determined by the low competitiveness of maize in weed-infested agrocenoses, leading to significant yield losses. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides and their combinations in reducing weed infestation in maize crops in the steppe zone of Ukraine. During 2019–2021, a two-factor field experiment was conducted on chernozem soils in the steppe zone. Factor A involved the application of glyphosate (2000 g/ha) in the form of potassium salt, while Factor B comprised post-emergence herbicides such as nicosulfuron (50 g/ha) and its combinations with thifensulfuron-methyl (10 g/ha), dicamba (150 g/ha), 2,4-D (450 g/ha), and florasulam (5 g/ha). Weed infestation was assessed at various stages of maize vegetation. The results demonstrated that herbicide applications reduced the density of perennial weeds by 60–75% and annual weeds by 15–18%. The most effective combinations included nicosulfuron (40 g/ha) with 2,4-D and florasulam, which decreased the density of annual weeds by 91%. Before harvest, in the variant with a total herbicide application, the weed density was significantly lower (9.9 plants/m² for annuals and 0.9 plants/m² for perennials) compared to the control (119.1 plants/m² and 19.7 plants/m², respectively). The conclusions highlight that the use of adaptive soil tillage systems and herbicides significantly improves the phytosanitary condition of maize crops, reduces energy expenditures, and restores soil fertility. The obtained results provide a scientific basis for optimizing herbicide protection of maize under the conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine.

EVALUATION OF ECONOMICALLY USEFUL TRAITS OF DAIRY CATTLE

2025-04-14T12:18:26+03:00

The relevance of the research is due to the increased attention to the global problem of food security and the significant role of the dairy industry in solving it through the production of milk and its products as irreplaceable and highly nutritious elements of human diets. In this regard, the search for ways to increase the production of milk and dairy products remains important and is implemented, among other things, through monitoring the economically useful traits of cattle in certain production conditions. The study of the main breeding traits of dairy cattle was carried out in the conditions of the dairy farm “Novoselytsia” of Zhytomyr region. For the purpose of milk production, they breed cattle of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. Keeping animals in farm conditions is carried out in stalls with animal exercise on walking platforms. Animals are fed three times a day with the same diet throughout the year with free access to water throughout the day. Cows are milked into the milk pipeline three times a day. Manure is removed using a scraper-tractor system. The evaluation of economically useful traits of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows was carried out in the context of three lactations. The milk productivity of cows, their reproductive capacity, age and live weight of cows at first insemination and calving, functional properties of the udder, dependence of milk productivity of cows on the shape of their udder were studied. The milk productivity of the cows in the farm in the context of three lactations ranged from 7812 kg (I lactation) to 8198 kg (III lactation), the fat content in milk ranged from 3.92% to 3.88%, the protein content in milk – from 3.22% to 3.27%, the total amount of milk fat and protein – from 559 kg (I lactation) to 586 kg (III lactation), respectively. That is, with the age of cows, there was a tendency to increase the quantitative indicators of milk production and some deterioration in the qualitative ones. It was found that the age of the first insemination in the herd was 19.4 months on average, the first calving – 28.6 months, with a live weight of 409.8 and 502.9 kg, respectively. With the age of cows, there was a deterioration in the reproductive capacity of cows, an increase in the service period, inter-calving period, and a decrease in the reproductive capacity coefficient, which, in our opinion, is associated with an increase in the milk production of cows. The difference of cows depending on age in functional properties of the udder was established – the single milk yield and the duration of milking reached the highest values in cows in the third lactation. A high intensity of milk production in cows regardless of age was recorded – 1.94–1.99 kg/min. The udder shape of the cows in this herd was distributed as follows: 85% of cows had a bathtub- and cup-shaped udder, and 15% had a rounded udder. Different levels of influence of udder shape on milk production of cows depending on their age in lactation were found.

INFLUENCE OF THE ACTIVITY CLASS OF PIGS ON THEIR FATTENING TRAITS

2025-04-14T12:25:06+03:00

Modern industrial pig farming is based on careful control of animal performance, including assessment of their behavior, health, productivity and feed efficiency. One of the key factors affecting productivity is the level of movement activity of pigs. It determines the body’s energy balance, muscle growth, feed conversion and carcass meat characteristics. In addition, animal activity is linked to the overall welfare of pigs. Taking into account the needs of production, it is necessary to study the impact of movement activity, which allows for ethological monitoring of animals in the farm. The research was conducted in the conditions of the agricultural enterprise “Agrofirm «Mig-Service-Agro»” in Mykolaiv region. The experiment used 120 heads of fattening young animals obtained from combinations of parental pairs ♀(LW×L)×♂D and ♀(LW×L)×♂P. To assess locomotor behavior, the locomotor activity index (LAI) was used, on the basis of which the experimental pigs were divided into two groups: active and passive. The age of reaching a weight of 100 kg, average daily weight gain, feed conversion, and fattening quality index were determined in the experimental animals. Studies have shown that active pigs showed higher growth rates than their passive counterparts. The average live weight at placement for fattening was higher in active piglets (30.2 ± 0.24 kg) compared to passive ones (28.6 ± 0.33 kg, P < 0.001). When reaching a pre-slaughter weight of 100 kg, active animals had a shorter fattening period of 151.8–153.6 days, which is 1.2 and 2.9 days less than in passive pigs, depending on the combination. The average daily weight gain of active pigs was 924.7–977.3 g, which was 7.8% and 1.72% higher than that of their passive counterparts. Also, active pigs had a more efficient feed conversion (2.51 and 2.53 kg), which indicates a more efficient use of feed by animals to increase muscle mass. The results of the experiment allow us to recommend the introduction of methods that will contribute to the optimal level of activity, including environmental enrichment and behavioral correction.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE PROCESS OF SELECTING FLAX STEM ROLLS

2025-04-14T14:43:31+03:00

The research is devoted to the problem of implementing a separate technology for harvesting flax with low stem cutting, grown in the conditions of the Western Polissia. The obtained results are based on our own field studies of the cultivation of Liryna and Entant flax varieties and Miander and Oberig flax varieties on chernozem and sod-podzolic soils. The peculiarities of the formation of the organic flax harvest under the influence of natural and climatic conditions are described, the need for the application of a separate harvesting technology with a low stem cut of both types of flax in conditions of global warming is proven. Schemes of the developed equipment for conducting experimental studies of modeling the behavior of stems under the action of working bodies during the selection of rolls inserted by cutting with a stem rotary mower are presented. The peculiarities of conducting studies on determining the parameters of the rolls in the process of maturing the boxes and transforming the stems into a trust are indicated, taking into account their placement in the rolls under the action of the cutting apparatus of the rotary mower. The results of research on determining the deflection and bending of the stems in the windrow, establishing the destructive force that can lead to the loss of the integrity of the windrows, taking into account their size, the content of weeds, the condition of the boxes and the conditions for capturing the stems, are presented. The obtained results are necessary both for the improvement of the rotary mower and for the development of a pick-up of flax rolls with stems placed in the longitudinal plane for the application of a separate harvesting technology of flax with low stem cutting, grown in favorable conditions for the formation of a high yield of seeds and fibrous stem mass. Continuation of this research in the following years will allow to propose the improvement of high-performance technical support, taking into account the technology of harvesting flax and the formed harvest of seeds or fiber under the influence of climatic conditions of the current season.

ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF ELECTRIC DRIVE IN DOSING ELEMENTS OF SEEDERS

2025-04-14T14:56:20+03:00

The article proposes and tests new approaches to the creation of equipment that best meet modern requirements, facilitating the solution of basic problems of mechanization of field work. It is proven that the use of a controlled electric drive in conditions of intensive saturation of mobile agricultural units with information technology and automation tools opens up the possibility of creating new-generation equipment with a high level of adaptation to agrotechnical requirements in plant growing, which allows to significantly increase the profitability of agricultural production. When sowing, the set sowing norms are often violated, seeds are unevenly distributed over the sowing area or row, and control of quantitative tolerances for deviations in distances between seeds is violated. In this regard, a mutual oppression effect occurs, in which plants do not receive a sufficient amount of nutrients due to the close location of root systems, which subsequently reduces the yield and quality of the resulting seeds. Modern development of the element base of the electric power drive and its control systems allows to obtain the necessary accuracy of technological processes at a low cost. Rapid implementation of positioning and geolocation systems allows to implement them in agricultural technologies of plant growing with the necessary profitability. One of the main technological operations on which the profitability of production in plant growing depends is sowing. Therefore, the world’s leading companies are engaged in improving seeding complexes in order to improve the quality of sowing and obtain better yields. Based on the analysis of world experience, methods are proposed for determining design requirements for the implementation of an adjustable electric drive for seeding units for operational control of changes in seeding rates with maximum use of domestic components. The seeding unit drives rotate the working elements by direct connection with the seeder wheel via mechanical transmissions. Mechanical boxes with a fixed set of gear transmissions or belt variators with a set range of transmission ratio adjustment are used to adjust the seeding rate. Mechanical drives have a number of disadvantages: rigid connection with the seeding unit without compensation for towing of the seed drill wheels and jerks during movement, slippage of the variator belt. The greatest impact of these disadvantages is manifested when the MTA operator does not observe a stable speed mode when performing the technological operation of sowing. The elimination of the negative impact of mechanical transmissions on the seeding unit is possible by eliminating direct communication with the seeder wheel and using elements with numerical control in the drives, which will coordinate the speed of movement of the seeder with the rotation frequency of the seeding unit, taking into account the changing towing coefficient of the properties of all processes. Thus, the research and development of technical means for the implementation of high-quality sowing of grain crop seeds is a relevant and practically significant task.

MODERN CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES ON IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES IN UKRAINE

2025-04-14T15:05:20+03:00

The article examines the current challenges and prospects for improving the energy efficiency of buildings and structures in Ukraine. The main issues identified include high heat losses, an outdated housing stock, limited financial resources, and a low level of public awareness regarding energy-efficient technologies. The impact of the military aggression by the Russian Federation, which has caused significant destruction to the energy and housing infrastructure, has been taken into account. This situation necessitates the urgent implementation of energy-saving measures and the restoration of the housing stock based on energy efficiency principles. The study explores Ukraine’s strategic initiatives and regulatory framework in the field of energy efficiency, particularly the requirements of the European Green Deal and the EU Directive on nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB). The key directions for building modernization are outlined, including the use of energy-efficient materials, the adoption of renewable energy sources, the automation of heating and ventilation systems, and the integration of smart energy systems. Financial and regulatory mechanisms that promote energy efficiency improvements are considered, including state support programs, grants, green loans, and international financial assistance. The potential of public-private partnerships for the implementation of large-scale energy modernization projects is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the need to enhance educational initiatives, implement informational campaigns, and engage specialists in the execution of energy efficiency measures.

ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF COMPONENT DISTRIBUTION BY THE SECONDARY SEPARATION ORGANS OF ROOT AND BULB HARVESTING MACHINES

2025-04-14T15:26:02+03:00

Root and tuber harvesting machines are important technical means for mechanized harvesting of root crops, such as potatoes, beets, carrots and other crops. One of the key stages of the operation of these machines is the effective separation of components consisting of root crops, soil, plant residues, stones and other impurities. Secondary separation in these machines plays the role of cleaning from various contaminants and ensuring better quality harvesting of products. The process of distributing components in the secondary separation organs of root and tuber harvesting machines requires detailed analysis, since not only the quality of harvesting depends on it, but also the efficiency of the machine as a whole. The principles underlying secondary separation are based on the physical and mechanical properties of the components, such as their density, shape, size, as well as their ability to move under the influence of gravity or mechanical movements. One of the main methods of component distribution is the use of specialized separation devices, which can operate according to different principles: centrifugal distribution, selective screening, vibration, and others. In root and tuber harvesting machines, primary cleaning occurs at the first stages of operation, when large particles of soil, stones, and other contaminants are separated using sieves, screens, or vibration mechanisms. However, at the second stage, during secondary separation, it is important to separate smaller particles, such as soil residues that have passed through the sieve, as well as vegetation residues. The main devices that provide this process are vibration systems, mechanical separators, and centrifugal systems. The choice of appropriate devices and conditions for secondary separation depends on the type of root and tuber harvesting machine, as well as the nature and properties of the mixture being processed. Centrifugal separators, for example, are used to separate components with different densities. This allows for effective separation of root crops from heavier contaminants such as stones. Vibration mechanisms provide additional separation due to oscillations, which allow for a more uniform distribution of the material and improve cleaning efficiency. In the process of secondary separation, it is important to take into account several conditions, such as the speed of movement of the material through the separation elements, the intensity of vibration, the angle of inclination of the working surfaces, as well as the mechanical characteristics of the root crops and contaminants. For example, root crops such as potatoes are prone to mechanical damage during contact with the separation surfaces, so it is important to choose optimal conditions to reduce mechanical impact. One of the important problems of secondary separation is to minimize root crop losses and increase the purity of the harvested product. Insufficient separation efficiency can lead to the fact that small particles of soil or plant residues get into the product, which reduces the quality and presentation of the product. Therefore, in the process of designing and adjusting root and tuber harvesting machines, the precise selection of parameters such as the speed of rotation of the drums, the amplitude of vibration or the angle of inclination of the working surfaces is of great importance. Another important condition is to ensure the stability of the separation elements under different operating conditions. Changes in operating conditions, such as fluctuations in soil moisture or changes in the composition of pollutants, can negatively affect the efficiency of component distribution. To solve this problem, adaptive control systems are being developed that allow automatic adjustment of operating parameters depending on operating conditions. Thus, the analysis of the conditions and principles of component distribution in the secondary separation elements of root and tuber harvesting machines is an important component for increasing the efficiency of harvesting and ensuring high quality of the harvested products. Taking into account the physical and mechanical properties of the components, optimizing the operating conditions of the separation elements and developing innovative technologies can significantly improve productivity and reduce the costs of material processing, which is of great importance for agricultural production.

COMPUTER MODELING OF STRESSES AND STRAINS IN WORKING BODIES UNDER FIELD OPERATING CONDITIONS

2025-04-14T15:30:35+03:00

The article presents the results of a study on the stress-strain state of agricultural machinery working bodies using computer modeling methods under field operation conditions. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the impact of mechanical loads arising during operation with various soil types, including loamy, sandy, and black soils. Dynamic, static, and impact loads, as well as external factors such as soil moisture, density, and the presence of plant residues, were considered, as they significantly affect the performance of agricultural machinery. The research is based on modern computer modeling methods, particularly the finite element method (FEM), which enables the creation of highly accurate three-dimensional models and numerical experiments. Simulations were conducted for typical working body designs, such as plows, cultivators, disc harrows, and seed drills. The results identified critical zones within the structures where maximum stresses and deformations occur, potentially leading to failure or reduced operational efficiency. Special attention was given to selecting materials for manufacturing the working bodies. The study analyzed the impact of material mechanical properties, such as strength, impact toughness, and wear resistance, on the operational characteristics of the structures. Recommendations were proposed for using high-strength steels, composite materials, and special coatings to enhance the durability of working bodies. The article provides the results of numerical experiments demonstrating the feasibility of optimizing the geometry and mass of working bodies to reduce energy consumption and increase productivity. An algorithm was also developed to assess the impact of variable operating conditions on the durability of structures. The obtained results have significant practical implications for improving technological processes in the design and operation of agricultural machinery. They allow for reduced maintenance and repair costs, increased efficiency of agricultural operations, and stable equipment performance in various climatic and soil conditions. The proposed approach can serve as a foundation for developing new generations of agricultural machinery with enhanced reliability, efficiency, and energy-saving characteristics.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN IMPROVING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF A COUNTRY HOUSE

2025-04-14T15:34:44+03:00

The article explores the current issues related to the use of renewable energy sources to improve the energy efficiency of country houses. Due to the continuous increase in the cost of traditional energy carriers, the implementation of innovative technologies to ensure autonomous energy supply and reduce energy costs is becoming increasingly important. One of the most effective solutions is the use of solar panels, wind turbines, geothermal systems, and bioenergy technologies. Solar panels significantly reduce dependence on centralized energy networks, leading to savings on electricity costs, and also provide the opportunity to sell surplus electricity to the grid. Wind turbines, particularly small wind turbines, offer a promising alternative that can operate in conditions of variable solar activity, thereby enhancing the overall energy independence of the house. Geothermal systems, which use the earth’s heat for heating and cooling buildings, demonstrate high energy efficiency and can substantially reduce heating costs, although they require significant investments at the implementation stage. Bioenergy, using biomass and biogas, is another promising technology that provides sustainable energy supply for country houses and is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional energy sources. The article thoroughly analyzes the capabilities and limitations of each of these technologies, as well as the economic aspects of their implementation at the level of country houses. It separately highlights the problems and prospects of renewable energy development in the context of energy independence, reducing CO2 emissions, and increasing ecological sustainability. Special attention is given to the integration of renewable energy sources into the heating, water supply, and electricity systems of country houses, as well as the economic benefits that arise from their use. Recommendations are proposed for selecting optimal solutions considering regional features, climate, and available natural resources.

FEATURES OF THE USE OF INFORMATION MARKETING SYSTEMS IN THE SALES ACTIVITIES OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

2025-04-14T12:29:16+03:00

The article outlines the need for strategic improvement of marketing management of the supply chain of agricultural products of agricultural enterprises under the conditions of implementation of key business processes: customer service; effective demand management; interaction of participants in the implementation of supply chain processes; reduction of costs throughout the supply chain. The main task of marketing management of supply chains of agricultural products is determined through optimization and reduction of costs associated with the production, transportation, storage, processing and delivery to consumers of the highest quality products, taking into account its specifics. The issues of the role and interaction of marketing and logistics in strategic directions of supply chain management of agricultural enterprises are considered and promising directions of their development are identified. Based on the analysis, existing views and ideas developed in modern science on the problems of marketing and logistics in supply chain management are systematized. Based on modern research, issues related to the development of logistics and the marketing industry are analyzed. The main trends in the harmonious development of logistics at the current stage of the functioning of agricultural enterprises are described. It is argued that the integration of processes that combine marketing and logistics provides a significant impact on the most important management functions of the company, creating opportunities for increasing the utility and value of the product. The study focuses on the inclusion of marketing logistics in the supply chain management system of agricultural products of the enterprise and is aimed at determining its position as a key element for increasing operational efficiency. The importance of determining the effectiveness of marketing logistics through the influence of environmental factors on the organizational aspects of the system implementation is proven. The positioning of the implementation of marketing logistics by business entities as a key element of a competitive corporate strategy, which significantly increases the productivity of the enterprise, is determined.

THE COMPETITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR: PRINCIPLES AND DIRECTIONS FOR INCREASING EFFICIENCY IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

2025-04-14T12:32:42+03:00

The competitiveness of the livestock industry is a crucial factor that determines its ability not only to meet the needs of the domestic market but also to successfully compete in international markets. In the context of ongoing economic, social, and environmental changes, as well as growing consumer demands, the industry must adapt to new challenges and use innovative approaches to improve production efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure sustainable development. This article analyzes the main principles of competitive development in livestock farming, identifying key strategies and directions that contribute to increased productivity, environmental responsibility, and efficient resource utilization, which are essential for ensuring stable and competitive development both at the national and international levels. The article thoroughly examines the competitive development of the livestock industry, focusing on the principles, directions, and strategies for improving the effectiveness of the sector in the face of contemporary global challenges. The authors define the competitiveness of the industry as the ability to generate a stable volume of added value through the rational use of resources, effective organization of production processes, attracting investments, and exploring new markets. Special attention is given to the characteristics of the livestock industry, such as high dependence on natural and climatic conditions, significant capital intensity, complex technological processes, seasonality of production, and the requirements for animal health and genetics, which directly affect efficiency. The authors propose a definition of competitiveness at several levels: macro level (national and international), meso level (industry and regional), and micro level (entrepreneurial or production), which allows for a comprehensive approach to analyzing and developing the industry. It is noted that achieving high competitiveness requires adapting the industry to the constantly changing economic environment, as well as actively implementing innovative technologies that increase productivity and reduce costs. The article also elaborates on strategies (approaches) for enhancing the competitive development of the livestock sector. One of the key approaches to improving competitiveness is the introduction of innovative technologies, such as automation of production, biotechnology for improving animal genetics, and modern feeding methods. Environmental responsibility also plays an important role, which includes the use of environmentally friendly technologies and sustainable agricultural practices, meeting growing consumer demand for safe products. Reducing costs through resource optimization, improving logistics, and increasing labor efficiency are critical for maintaining the industry’s profitability. Successful competitive development also depends on developing the sector’s human capital, attracting young specialists, and continuously training workers to implement innovations. Furthermore, effective marketing strategies aimed at brand creation, promoting high-quality and environmentally friendly products, and exploring new sales markets through digital platforms open up new opportunities for the development of the industry.

UKRAINIAN FARMING: STATUS, PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES

2025-04-14T12:37:08+03:00

Farming in Ukraine is an important component of the national economy and ensures the country’s food security. Despite its significant potential, the industry faces a number of challenges and opportunities. This article examines the state of Ukrainian farming since the full-scale invasion, its problems and prospects. The war has had a significant impact on all sectors of the economy in Ukraine, and it undoubtedly brings huge losses and damages to the country. This also applies to small farms. Despite everything, farming in Ukraine remains an important component of the national economy, ensuring the country’s food security. And despite its significant potential, the industry faces a number of challenges and opportunities. In our opinion, farming has a high degree of adaptability to various market signals, flexibly reacts to market conditions through changes in production programs, specialization and diversification of economic activity. This flexibility and variability allows farms to have certain advantages compared to medium and large agricultural enterprises and contributes to the development of competition in Ukrainian agriculture. However, various external influences, such as: lack of working capital, weak material and technical base, complexity and constant change of the taxation system, unregulated land relations, instability of state support, restrain the development of farms in the domestic economy. Especially in the current difficult times for the country. Therefore, it is urgent to find the most effective management methods that would allow farms to fully fulfill their socio-economic function in the development of the village. Many farmers have already undergone hardening in wartime conditions, blackouts and even the destruction of farms as a result of Russian aggression. Small agricultural producers have proven their higher stability, flexibility and efficiency compared to large agricultural companies. And despite all the adversities, skeptical and pessimistic forecasts, the development of farms in Ukraine continues and is supported by the state.

DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN THE WORLD AND IN UKRAINE AND ITS IMPACT ON PENSION SECURITY OF CITIZENS

2025-04-14T14:06:35+03:00

The demographic situation in Ukraine and worldwide shows that over the last few decades, there has been a trend of population aging, which significantly impacts the financial stability of pension systems. In many countries, traditional pension models based on intergenerational solidarity are facing difficulties due to a decrease in the number of contributors. This heightens the need for pension system reforms and the development of new approaches to ensure their effectiveness and stability. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current demographic situation globally and its impact on pension systems in different countries, particularly in the context of population aging, changes in the age structure, declining birth rates, increasing life expectancy, and to formulate recommendations for adapting pension systems to these changes in order to ensure social justice and financial stability of pension provisions for citizens in the long term. Research has shown that demographic changes, especially population aging, have a significant impact on pension security, and to effectively address these issues, systemic reforms and flexible mechanisms for supporting the elderly population need to be implemented. It has been identified that demographic aging is particularly evident in European countries, where the proportion of pension-aged citizens is growing in the overall age structure of the population. These trends will continue in the coming decades. It has also been explored that the demographic situation in Ukraine has worsened even further due to the onset of the war in the country. One of the consequences of the military actions has been the mass emigration of Ukrainians abroad, as well as significant internal migration, particularly the displacement of people from temporarily occupied regions or areas of active combat. These demographic changes require further reform of the country’s pension system, as the current financial support for pensioners does not meet European standards and cannot fully cover their basic needs. It is justified that demographic changes, particularly population aging, have a significant impact on pension provision, and to effectively address these issues, systemic reforms and flexible mechanisms for supporting the elderly must be implemented.

DEPORTATION AS A TOOL OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES

2025-04-14T14:09:48+03:00

The purpose of the study is to investigate deportation as a tool of demographic transformation of the occupied territories of Ukraine in the period 2014–2023, based on reports, reports of human rights and international organizations, as well as electronic publications, to identify historical origins, implementation mechanisms and consequences for the Ukrainian population and the region as a whole. The research methodology involves the use of the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, systematicity and comprehensiveness. General scientific and special historical methods were applied: analysis of documentary and human rights sources, comparative historical approach (comparison of the current situation with deportations of the Soviet period), the method of systems analysis (identification of the relationship between forced passportization, “filtration” and deportation), as well as the method of critical source analysis for evaluating reports of international organizations. The scientific novelty lies in the ability to identify the patterns of development and spread of modern deportations, as well as assess their impact on the occupied territories, identifying ways to prevent and minimize long-term negative consequences. Conclusions. We must state that deportation today acts as a systemic tool of demographic transformation, including passportization, “filtration”, forced Russification and resettlement of prisoners, children and women. Forced displacement or resettlement of the population has deep Soviet roots, but in modern conditions it is combined with mechanisms of informational and legal pressure (creating grounds for deprivation of Ukrainian citizenship, banning travel without Russian documents, etc.). The social fabric of the occupied regions of Ukraine is being destroyed: family and community ties are disappearing, the ethnic composition is changing, and national culture and language are being actively displaced. The norms of international law are being violated, in particular Article 49 of the IV Geneva Convention and the Rome Statute of the ICC, which prohibit the deportation of civilians from occupied territories. This forms the basis for qualifying the actions of the Russian Federation as war crimes or crimes against humanity. Further, it remains relevant to study the long-term consequences of deportations, in particular economic and psychological, as well as to develop mechanisms for holding perpetrators accountable and reintegration of deportees.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM OF THE POPULATION

2025-04-14T14:13:05+03:00

The organizational structure of the social protection system is a key element in ensuring social stability and well-being of citizens. It includes various bodies and institutions responsible for providing social services, assistance and ensuring minimum social standards for various categories of the population, such as pensioners, disabled people, low-income families and other vulnerable groups. The social protection system has many levels of organization, starting from local authorities and ending with national institutions. Such a structure is an important mechanism for ensuring the social rights of citizens and supporting them in difficult life situations. At the state level, the main bodies implementing social protection are the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, which coordinates and determines the general policy in the field of social protection. It is responsible for the development and implementation of state assistance programs, as well as for coordinating the work of local authorities. An important element is also the system of local selfgovernment bodies, which implement state decisions on the ground, providing specific assistance to citizens in need of social support. At the level of regions and local communities, social protection is organized through social protection departments, which are part of local governments. They distribute state aid, organize the work of social service centers, and provide support to socially vulnerable categories of the population. An important component of the system is the provision of social services, such as temporary accommodation for people in difficult life circumstances, assistance to the unemployed, compensation for families with children, and support for the disabled. The social protection system also includes numerous charitable organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that provide assistance to those in need. These organizations are often involved in implementing programs that complement state measures, including assistance to displaced persons, support for orphans, and provision of humanitarian assistance in crisis situations. In many cases, these structures are the first to respond to social problems arising from natural disasters or social conflicts. The system of financing social protection of the population is provided through the state budget, as well as through social insurance contributions made by enterprises and citizens. One of the important elements is the pension system, which operates on the basis of solidarity and accumulation principles. Pensions, disability benefits, the provision of sick leave – all this makes up a complex of social insurance measures, which is the basis for material support for citizens in various life situations. In addition, the issue of legal support is important in the social protection system. To help people who encounter difficulties in obtaining social services or face legal problems in this area, free legal advice and support are provided. One of the important areas of development of the social protection system is the improvement of assistance mechanisms, in particular through the digitalization of processes. Modern technologies allow automating many aspects, facilitating access to social services for citizens, reducing bureaucratic barriers and increasing the efficiency of social services.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF CREATING ECONOMIC RESILIENCE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ENTERPRISES DURING MARTIAL LAW

2025-04-14T14:18:26+03:00

The article presents the results of the study of the concept of resilience in relation to agricultural enterprises, taking into account the negative impact of the state of war in Ukraine. The author considers the term “resilience” itself, and also analyzes the resilience index in relation to the national economy by main features in comparison with similar indicators for Poland. This analysis provides an idea of the adaptability of the economies of the countries under consideration to external negative factors, including the state of war. Of course, this significantly affects the overall assessments and indicates the ability to recover in individual areas. This analysis makes it possible to further predict trends in increasing resilience indices and creating preventive measures. In developing the study of the concept of resilience, the author of the article considers agricultural enterprises using the example of sugar production in Ukraine. The dynamics of sugar production and export in recent years are analyzed. The main factors that influenced changes in sugar production and export volumes in certain years are identified. The dynamics of changes in sugar beet acreage were also analyzed, taking into account influential factors. The results of the research show that a certain number of sugar industry enterprises not only adapted to the working conditions during martial law, but also slightly increased production volumes. At the same time, enterprises located near the combat zone certainly significantly reduced production or completely stopped their activities due to real danger. Therefore, the geolocation of certain farms significantly affects the activities of agricultural enterprises and the owners must take effective measures to relocate equipment and personnel in order to preserve their share of production in the market, thereby achieving the necessary degree of resilience. Certain measures are proposed to increase resilience in relation to agricultural enterprises. The article is of interest to researchers dealing with issues of resilience in the economy and in relation to agricultural enterprises.

DIVERSIFICATION AS A TOOL FOR ENSURING THE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS

2025-04-14T14:24:50+03:00

Diversification is an important tool for ensuring the sustainable integrated development of rural areas, as it allows you to reduce dependence on one industry or type of activity and create new opportunities for economic growth, rational use of natural resources, improvement of social conditions and improvement of the environment. Diversification allows you to reduce the risks associated with fluctuations in prices for agricultural products or changes in climatic conditions. This creates a more stable economic situation for local communities. The development of new industries, businesses and types of activities creates additional jobs, increases the income level of the rural population and reduces migration. This contributes to strengthening the social structure and preserving the traditional way of life. The use of environmentally friendly technologies and sustainable agricultural practices reduces the negative impact on the environment, helps to preserve natural resources and ensure long-term effective use of land resources. Diversification of the economy can create conditions for attracting investments in agriculture and other sectors, which will provide additional financial revenues for the development of local infrastructure and the market for social services. Increased economic activity in rural areas contributes to the development of transport, communication and social infrastructure, which improves access to services and contributes to improving the quality of life of the local rural population. Diversification is an important factor in ensuring the sustainable development of rural areas, as it allows creating a multifaceted, resilient economy, improving social conditions and the environmental situation. It requires an integrated approach that includes both economic and social and environmental aspects of development.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND METHODOLOGY OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING OF INDIVIDUALS – ENTREPRENEURS IN THE LIGHT OF REGULATORY AND LEGAL CHANGES IN LEGISLATION

2025-04-14T14:33:14+03:00

Financial accounting of individual entrepreneurs is a key aspect of running a successful small business in Ukraine. It is an integral part of their management activities, which includes accounting for income, expenses, as well as the formation and submission of financial and tax reporting. The relevance of the research topic is associated with the emergence of a number of new challenges for the accounting system of individual entrepreneurs along with unresolved problems that have existed for a long time. The article establishes that changes in legislation directly affect the organization and methodology of accounting in individual entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs constantly need to adapt their accounting processes in accordance with new requirements in order to avoid risks, fines and errors. It is determined that excessive bureaucracy and frequent changes in legislation create an additional burden on individual entrepreneurs, which can negatively affect their financial stability and competitiveness. It is proven that the approval of the Order on the Accounting Policy of Individual Entrepreneurs will help avoid errors in accounting, ensure compliance with the requirements of tax legislation and reduce risks during inspections. It is substantiated that the development of a working chart of accounts is the basis for organizing high-quality accounting, which allows for financial accounting with minimal errors, simplifies the analysis of financial data and ensures compliance of accounting processes with legislation. The article develops a working chart of accounts for individual entrepreneurs taking into account the specifics of the restaurant industry.