Podilian Bulletin: agriculture, engineering, economics

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OF ZINC, MANGANESE, AND COBALT ON THE MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF DAIRY COWS DURING LACTATION PERIODS

Yu. H. Kropyvka — 2026-04-27

Using trace element salts in animal feed can lead to the rapid contamination of the environment with these metals due to their low biological availability to animals. Organic compounds of trace elements are much better absorbed by animals, who perform better at reduced levels of these feed additives. This article presents comprehensive study results on the effect of mixed-ligand complexes of trace elements (Zn, Mn, and Co) combined with organic selenium (Suplex Se) on the milk productivity of high-yielding cows of various breeds during different lactation periods. The work is relevant due to the increasing deficiency of trace elements in the soil–feed–ration system in intensive dairy farming conditions, and the low bioavailability of traditional inorganic trace element salts. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of replacing sulfate forms of zinc, manganese, and cobalt with mixed ligand complexes and to establish the optimal concentrations of these complexes in cow diets during the lactation period. The experiment was conducted on 50 cows from three breeds (German Holstein, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy, and Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy) using the analogue group method, forming one control group and four experimental groups. Productivity, milk quality, and feed consumption were studied over the first, second, and third 100-day periods of lactation. We have established that using organic forms of micronutrients reliably increases the average daily milk yield (P < 0.001), enhances gross milk production with a 4 % fat content, and reduces metabolic energy expenditure per unit of production. The highest milk productivity rates during the first 100 days were achieved with a diet containing 60.8 mg of zinc (Zn), 60.8 mg of manganese (Mn), and 0.78 mg of cobalt (Co) per kg of dry matter (DM) in the form of mixed ligand complexes. During the second 100 days, an optimal effect was achieved with lower concentrations of trace elements (35 mg Zn and Mn, and 0.4 mg Co per kg of DM). Using chelated forms of trace elements also led to a moderate increase in milk’s fat and protein content, as well as a 4–6 % reduction in feed consumption. The results confirmed that the source of these trace elements in the diet is their mixed-ligand complexes. Dairy cows require less than the recommended amount of zinc, cobalt, and manganese.

BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS OF REPLACEMENT PIGS WHEN FED PHYTOGENIC FEED ADDITIVES

N. L. Bevz — 2026-04-27

The results of a comprehensive assessment of the effect of the phytogenic feed additive “Immunochasnyk” on sexual behavior, sperm productivity of replacement boars, and behavioral responses of replacement sows under intensive breeding conditions at the Victoria Agricultural Production Cooperative in the Mykolaiv region are presented. The study was conducted in 2024–2025 as part of a scientific and economic experiment using replacement boars of the Large White and Landrace breeds, as well as replacement sows of the Large White × Landrace crossbreed. A phytogenic feed additive was added to the compound feed at a dose of 0.10 % of the feed weight. The sexual behavior of replacement boars was assessed by the duration of the main stages of copulation, and sperm productivity was assessed by ejaculate volume, concentration, straight-line motility, and sperm viability. The behavioral reactions of replacement gilts were analyzed in the phases of proestrus, estrus, and diestrus, taking into account the duration of rest, motor activity, aggressive interactions, and the number of jumps. Statistical data processing was performed using two-factor variance, correlation, and principal component analyses. It was found that feeding the phytobiotic “Imunochasnyk” had no significant effect on the absolute time indicators of sexual behavior of replacement boars, which varied within the physiological norm (p > 0.05), but it did affect the relationship between individual behavioral parameters. Breed significantly affected ejaculate volume and sperm concentration, while feeding conditions affected sperm viability, especially in Landrace boars (p = 0.008). Correlation analysis showed the relative autonomy of sexual behavior and sperm production indicators. In replacement sows, the use of a phytogenic supplement resulted in a significant reduction in aggressive interactions during proestrus and estrus, a decrease in motor activity during diestrus, and an increase in the duration of rest (p ≤ 0.05–0.001), as well as a more uniform course of estrus with a decrease in premature manifestations of sexual arousal. It has been proven that the phytogenic feed additive “Imunochasnyk” contributes to the stabilization of behavioral patterns of replacement young pigs and can be considered an effective element of antibiotic-free technologies for preparing animals for reproductive use.

FORMATION OF BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF FODDER BEET DEPENDING ON FOLIAR FERTILIZATION AND PLANT DISEASE PROTECTION UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

P. V. Bezvikonnyy — 2026-04-27

The article presents the results of long-term field studies (2020–2024) aimed at investigating the effects of various foliar fertilizers and fungicides on the development of the leaf apparatus and photosynthetic parameters of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The study revealed significant differences in leaf area between the investigated varieties. The average leaf area of the Starmon variety was 56.31 thousand m²/ha, while that of the Olzhych variety was 48.18 thousand m2/ha. Foliar application of microfertilizers contributed to a significant increase in leaf area. The increase in leaf area with the application of the ADOB macro + micro fertilizer compared to the control amounted to 8.19 thousand m2/ha for the Olzhych variety and 9.19 thousand m2/ha for the Starmon variety. The maximum leaf area values were recorded under the combined application of microfertilizers and fungicides. For the Olzhych variety, the largest leaf area (54.58 thousand m2/ha) was observed with the ADOB macro + micro fertilizer in combination with the Impact fungicide, while for the Starmon variety, the same combination ensured a leaf area of 61.61 thousand m²/ha. The photosynthetic potential of the plants exhibited similar patterns. During the study period, the highest levels of this parameter were recorded during the period of intensive growth (August 10). The maximum photosynthetic potential in all experimental variants was observed with the ADOB macro + micro + Impact combination: 3.785 million m2 × days/ha for the Olzhych variety, while for Starmon, the same combination reached 4.531 million m2 × days/ha. Net photosynthetic productivity (NPP), as a key indicator of the efficiency of leaf area utilization for dry matter accumulation, also depended on varietal characteristics and agronomic treatments. The average NPP of the Starmon variety was 8.21 g/m2 per day, while that of Olzhych was 5.50 g/m2 per day. Foliar application of ADOB macro+micro increased NPP to 9.22 g/m2 for Starmon and to 5.80 g/m2 for Olzhych, and the additional application of the Impact fungicide further increased these values to 9.61 g/m2 and 6.17 g/m2, respectively. These results confirm the effectiveness of the combined use of microfertilizers and fungicides, which promotes the maximal preservation of an active leaf apparatus and enhances the photosynthetic productivity of plants, thereby ensuring an increase in the potential yield of fodder beet.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN POWDER FROM INSECT LARVAE ON SLAUGHTER PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN PIGS

A. M. Beznosyuk — 2026-04-27

In modern pig farming, it is important to provide animals with complete sources of protein to increase the efficiency of fattening and the quality of meat products. A promising solution is the use of feed additives based on insect larvae, which are distinguished by high nutritional value, the presence of biologically active substances and a balanced amino acid composition. The aim of the work was to assess the effect of protein powder from insect larvae ProtiNOVA, obtained from the larvae of the insect Hermetia illucens, on the productive and meat characteristics of pigs. The study was conducted on animals of the F2 genotype, obtained from crossing Camboro pigs (Large White × Landrace) with PIC 337 boars. In the diet, soy protein concentrate was replaced by the introduction of protein powder from insect larvae ProtiNOVA at the rate of 20 kg/t of feed for up to 71 days. The fattening period of pigs lasted up to 173 days. The results of the experiment allowed us to assess the effectiveness of using insect protein as an innovative component of the pig diet. It was found that the inclusion of ProtiNOVA in the diet contributed to an increase in carcass weight and muscle tissue yield (by 2.4 %), while simultaneously reducing the relative proportion of fat tissue by 1.2 pp. and improving the “muscle cell” area by 12.9 %. No significant differences in the percentage of bone tissue were found between the groups. A comparative analysis of the weight of the internal organs of the pigs showed insignificant differences between the groups and no negative effect of the supplement on the physiological state of the animals. In animals that received a protein supplement from insect larvae, a slightly larger weight of the liver, heart, spleen, stomach and pancreas was observed, while the kidneys and lungs had lower values compared to the control. The results obtained indicate that the use of insect protein supplements contributes to the increase in meat productivity of pigs and can be considered as a promising alternative to traditional protein sources in compound feeds without worsening the morphofunctional characteristics of the carcass.

SOME BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF USING SOWS OF DIFFERENT EXPLOITATION VALUE

O. M. Bordun — 2026-04-27

The article presents the results of studies on the lifespan, duration of breeding use, and reproductive qualities of sows of the Large White breed of French selection of various productive value; based on the data obtained, the economic efficiency of using sows of high (I experimental group), medium (II experimental group) and low (III experimental group) levels of productive value was determined. Тhe work was carried out in accordance with the PND of the NAAS No. 30 “System of organizational and technological solutions for the adaptation of animals to climate change during the production of livestock products. Climatically adaptive and organic livestock farming. The results of the research show that sows of the Large White breed of French selection are characterized by high life expectancy (39.1 ± 0.94 months), duration of breeding use (29.1 ± 0.80 months), multiparity (11.2 ± 0.09 goals) and nest mass at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days (76.0 ± 0.46 kg). A significant difference between animals of the I (high level of exploitation value) and III (low level of operational value) experimental groups was established in terms of life expectancy (18.7 months; td = 9.54), duration of breeding use (19.7 months; td = 13.77), number of farrowings received (4.0; td = 25.00), the number of live piglets obtained (51.7 goals; td = 29.37), multiparity (1.2 goals; td = 5.21), the mass of the nest at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days (4.7 kg; td = 3.01), the mass of the nest at the time of weaning at the age of 60 days (11.8 kg; td = 3.24), the M. D. Berezovsky index (4.18 points; td = 8.15). The maximum survival rate of piglets before weaning at the age of 30 days (92.4 ± 1.03 %) was found in sows of the third experimental group. The number of reliable pairwise correlation coefficients between the adaptive-productive index (Kh1), lifespan, duration of breeding use and reproductive qualities of sows is 100.0 %; this biometric indicator ranges from –0.363 (tr = 5.67) to +0.990 (tr = 518.76). The maximum increase in additional production was obtained from sows of the first experimental group (high level of productive value); it is +4.27 %, and its cost is +212.51 UAH/head/farrowing. The criterion for selecting sows of the leading group according to the Kh1 index is its value at the level of 84.03–137.98 points.

OPTIMIZATION OF FEEDING OF LARGE WHITE BREED SOWS

V. I. Buchkovska — 2026-04-27

For pigs the main source of energy and protein is plant feed. High productivity on cereal grain diets can only be achieved by adding a significant amount of animal protein feed and protein-vitamin-mineral supplements to them. Compared to other animal species, pigs have a higher need for minerals, which is due to their rapid growth and high reproductive capacity. The aim of our research was to study the impact of compound feeds made from local raw materials and animal feed, local raw materials enriched with BVMD “Probio-euro”, and compound feed manufactured by Vetko LLC on the weight and productivity of farrowing and lactating sows. The research was conducted in the conditions of the private enterprise “Kalynsky Klyuch”, village of Kalynya, Kamianets-Podilskyi district, Khmelnytskyi region. The scientific and economic experiment was conducted using the group-analogue method on sows of the Large White breed. Feeding of farrowing sows with mixed feeds, identical in nutritional value but different in composition and manufacturing technology, during the corresponding physiological periods showed a similar productive effect on their live weight. The productivity of experimental animals was recorded using generally accepted methods. Enrichment of local cereal feeds with BVMD “Probio-euro” increases their nutritional value in terms of all nutrients, which leads to a higher productive effect of feed, high productivity of sows, growth and development of piglets. High feeding efficiency of sows and piglets up to 2 months of age is achieved by using compound feeds produced by Vetko LLC. To ensure full feeding of sows of the Large White breed, we recommend using Probio-euro BVMD produced by Vetko LLC. When making compound feed from your own grain cereals, add 20 % to its composition for farrowing sows and 25 % for lactating sows.

INFLUENCE OF SWEET SORGHUM STAND DENSITY ON BIOMETRIC INDICATORS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF UKRAINE

O. A. Voiniak — 2026-04-27

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of plant stand density on the formation of biometric parameters of sweet sorghum in the Southern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, taking into account varietal characteristics, seeding rates, and foliar fertilization options. Special attention was paid to identifying optimal agrotechnical parameters that contribute to the formation of maximum plant density at the full maturity stage, which is a critically important factor in yield improvement. Field research was conducted during 2023–2025 in the Poltava and Vinnytsia regions. A multifactorial experiment with a 4 × 4 × 4 design and four replications was implemented, involving the following factors: variety (4 options), seeding rate (70, 100, 130, and 160 thousand seeds/ha), and foliar fertilization treatments (control, biopreparation, micronutrient fertilizer, and combination). The study employed the DSTU 7169:2010 methodology, the BBCH scale for phenological analysis, and software tools such as Excel and Agrostat for statistical data processing. It was established that stand density at full maturity was significantly influenced by weather conditions, seeding rate, variety, and the applied foliar treatment. Under more favorable conditions in the Vinnytsia region, plant density remained consistently higher than in Poltava. The variety Medovyi provided the highest plant density (up to 140 thousand plants/ha with a seeding rate of 160 thousand and combined fertilization). In contrast, Sylo 700 D showed a lower ability to maintain stand density. The use of biopreparations and micronutrient fertilizers increased plant density by 5–9 % compared to the control. In the Poltava region, higher plant losses were associated with wind erosion and moisture deficiency. Varietal characteristics significantly influenced plant survival: Medovyi and Troistyi demonstrated the highest density stability under different conditions. To achieve optimal stand density of sweet sorghum, both agroclimatic conditions and varietal features must be considered. The most effective varieties are those with high germination energy and resistance to stress factors, particularly Medovyi and Troistyi. An optimal seeding rate for most varieties ranges from 130 to 160 thousand seeds/ha in combination with foliar fertilization. The results confirm the relevance of region-specific agrotechnological approaches in cultivating sweet sorghum for stable dense crop formation and increased yield.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOWING LOCAL APPLICATION OF ORGANIC AMELIORANTS ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING BARLEY

T. V. Gerasko — 2026-04-27

Field research was conducted in the period 2023–2025 on the basis of the Kyiv Specialized Branch of the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination, located in the Bila Tserkva district of Kyiv region. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was grown using organic technology, where the predecessor in the crop rotation was meadow clover (Trifolium pratense). Organic ameliorants (biochar, sapropel and biohumus) were applied at a dose of 100 kg ha-1 using a seeder during barley sowing. During three years of research, local application of biochar at sowing contributed to positive changes in the growth and productivity of spring barley: leaf area increased by 6–11 %, plant mass increased by 3–9 %, photosynthetic potential of crops increased by 2–7 %, net productivity of photosynthesis by 3–6 %, and grain yield showed an increase of 2–5 % compared to the control variant, where organic ameliorants were not used. Local application of sapropel at sowing had a positive effect on the agrobiological indicators of spring barley. In particular, an increase in the leaf surface area of plants by 8–13 %, fresh mass by 8–12 %, photosynthetic potential of crops by 5–9 %, and yield by 7–11 %. However, its introduction did not cause significant changes in the net productivity of photosynthesis for the varieties of KWS Krissy and Absolut, although a tendency to improve was observed for the variety of Komandor – by 5 %. The use of biohumus during sowing showed the most pronounced effect (compared to biochar and sapropel) on the intensity of photosynthesis and yield of spring barley. The leaf surface area of spring barley increased by 13–21 %; biomass accumulation – by 12–21 %; photosynthetic potential of crops – by 9–14 %; grain yield – by 12–19 % compared to the control variant without organic ameliorants. Biohumus significantly increased the level of net productivity of photosynthesis for the variety of Komandor – by 21 %, while for the varieties of KWS Krissy and Absolut there was only a tendency to increase – by 3–5 %. Leaf area was strongly positively correlated (r = 0.89–0.95) with spring barley yield during all growing periods, except for earing and waxy maturity, when the correlation was insignificant and moderate (r = 0.05–0.35). Leaf area was also strongly positively correlated with spring barley plant fresh weight (r = 0.73–0.99). Plant biomass accumulation was strongly positively correlated with spring barley yield (r = 0.91–0.99) during all growing phases. Photosynthetic potential of the crop was strongly positively correlated with spring barley yield (r = 0.97) and weakly correlated with net photosynthetic productivity (r = - 0.17). Net photosynthetic productivity was weakly correlated with spring barley yield in this study (r = 0.28). The results of this study should serve to improve and accelerate the implementation of organic spring barley growing technology.

ASSESSMENT OF RESISTANCE OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES TO MYCOSES USING ORGANIC CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES

N. V. Hrytsiuk — 2026-04-27

The article considers issues related to the production of environmentally safe soybean products using elements of organic farming. The purpose of the research was to study the resistance of organic soybean varieties to fusarium root rot, ascochyta, and downy mildew in the conditions of central Polissya of Ukraine. The research was conducted during 2023–2024 in the production crops of LLC “Agrovest-Group”. The microflora of soybean seeds was determined according to DSTU 4138-2002. To determine the assessment of resistance in the phase of the beginning of seed formation to ascochyta, downy mildew, a visual method was used according to the symptoms of the disease. In the process of implementing the tasks, 6 varieties of soybean of organic origin of foreign selection were studied, which were included in the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine. It was established that the largest number of soybean seeds was populated by Alternaria sp. fungi, and amounted to 3.8 to 15.3 %, depending on the variety. The varieties susceptible to these fungi were Atacama, the degree of damage was 15.3 %, Achillea – 14.6 %. The spread of fungi of the genera Fusarium sp. was observed at the level of 0.2–1.5 %, Peronospora sp. – 1.0–10.8 %. The varieties Sphynx – 1.5 % and Achillea – 1.2 % of infected seeds were susceptible to fusarium infection. The varieties unstable to the pathogens Peronospora sp. were Achillea – 10.8 % and Atacama – 8.1 %. Relatively resistant to ascochyta blight were the varieties Strive, the development of the disease was 11.0 %, Commander – 12.3 %, and Achillea – 13.6 %. The varieties Viola, Sphinx, Atacama are not resistant to ascophytosis, the development of the disease is within 14.4–19.0 %, the spread – 39.7–43.3 %. Relative resistance to peronosporosis was found in the soybean varieties Commander (development of the disease – 6.0 %, the spread of the disease – 15.6 %), Achillea (8.3 %, 21.4 %), Strive (8.8 %, 24.0 %). All studied soybean varieties are biologically not resistant to diseases of fungal etiology. Relatively resistant to ascochyta blight were the varieties Strive, the development of the disease was 11.0 %, Commander – 12.3 %, and Achillea – 13.6 %. Relative resistance to downy mildew was found in soybean varieties – Commander (development of the disease – 6.0 %, spread of the disease – 15.6 %), Achillea (8.3 %, 21.4 %), Strive (8.8 %, 24.0 %). Resistance to fusarium root rot was found in the varieties Strive, Commander, Achillea. Depending on the variety, the yield varied on average over the years of research from 2.02 to 3.05 t/ha. The greatest increase in soybean grain yield was obtained when growing the varieties Achillea and Strive, where the increase was 0.83 and 0.45 t/ha, respectively, which is 37.4 and 20.3 % more compared to the standard variety Viola.

INFLUENCE OF FIELD PROTECTION STRIPS ON THE DYNAMICS OF CORN GRAIN YIELD

I. M. Didur — 2026-04-27

In modern realities, the agroforestry and amelioration infrastructure of shelterbelts in Ukraine demonstrates insufficient efficiency. This is confirmed by the low yield of agricultural crops in years with adverse climatic conditions. Given the consequences of global warming, almost every agricultural year becomes extreme, so the functional potential of shelterbelts can be significantly enhanced. At the same time, there are almost no studies today that would clarify the limits of the impact of shelterbelts on the yield of agricultural crops in the context of climate change. Therefore, the tasks we have proposed are of particular relevance. The aim of the work is to investigate the influence of the main and auxiliary windbreak forest belts on the yield of corn grain depending on the distance of the plantations. The types of forest belts (main, auxiliary) adjacent to corn crops were determined, their biometric characteristics: the number of rows, the distance of trees in the rows and between the rows, the height of trees and the girth of the trunk. The dynamics of density, height, indicators of individual productivity were established: the number of heads per plant, their height and diameter, and the yield of corn grain at different distances from the main and auxiliary forest belts. The highest corn grain yield was recorded at a distance of 300 meters from the main windbreak forest strip, which is 21.0 % higher than at a distance of 500 meters. Consistently high yield results were observed in the zone 100–300 meters from the main forest strip. On average, corn yield near the main forest strip was 22.6 % higher compared to areas near the auxiliary windbreak forest strip. The maximum grain yield near the auxiliary forest strip was recorded at a distance of 100 meters, after which a gradual decrease in this indicator was observed.

PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE HYBRIDS UNDER DIFFERENT MINERAL NUTRITION SYSTEMS AND GROWTH STIMULANTS

V. P. Ivashchuk — 2026-04-27

The effectiveness of combining different mineral nutrition systems with plant growth stimulants for individual maize hybrids remains insufficiently studied, particularly in view of current agroclimatic challenges and the need to increase productivity while reducing anthropogenic pressure. Therefore, research aimed at identifying optimal combinations of hybrids, fertilizers, and growth stimulants is relevant for the scientific substantiation of efficient and resource-saving maize cultivation technologies. The article presents the results of three-year field studies (2023–2025) focused on evaluating the effects of hybrid characteristics, mineral nutrition systems, and the application of plant growth stimulants on maize grain yield under the conditions of the Western Forest- Steppe. The research was conducted on podzolized chernozem soils in the Khmelnytskyi region using the medium-early hybrid Pioneer P8834 and the medium-maturity hybrid KWS Oltenio. The experiment investigated basic mineral fertilization (Polyphoska 8:24:24), its combination with different rates of UAN (150 and 300 kg/ha), as well as the effectiveness of the growth stimulants Sterk BIO and AMINO. It was established that grain yield was significantly influenced by weather conditions during the study years, hybrid characteristics, and the intensity of the nutrition system. The lowest yield levels were recorded in the control treatments without growth stimulants, whereas their application provided a stable yield increase regardless of the mineral nutrition background. The greatest effect was observed in treatments with the AMINO growth stimulant. Increasing nitrogen supply through UAN application resulted in a significant increase in grain yield of both hybrids, with the highest values obtained at a UAN rate of 300 kg/ha combined with growth stimulants. The KWS Oltenio hybrid consistently outperformed Pioneer P8834 in grain yield across all experimental treatments, indicating its higher genetic yield potential. The obtained results demonstrate the positive effect of integrated nutrition systems and growth stimulants on maize hybrid productivity. The LSD₀.₀₅ values for factors A (hybrid), B (mineral nutrition), and C (growth stimulants) confirm the statistically significant effects of most studied factors and their interactions on grain yield.

EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES AND MICROFERTILIZERS AGAINST DISEASES DURING THE SUNFLOWER VEGETATION PERIOD

I. V. Kachynska — 2026-04-27

The article presents the results of studies on the complex use of microfertilizers and fungicides to determine their impact on the development of the main diseases of the growing season of sunflower hybrids in the conditions of the southern part of the Western Forest–Steppe. During the studied years, ten diseases of fungal origin were observed on sunflower plants, but the most widespread and developed were septoria –development on variants without the use of pesticides in the grain filling phase (ВВСН 75) 31,3–33,7 %, fomosis – 8.1–8.9 %, rust 17,6–25 %, and in 2025 white rot of baskets 7,3–9,1 %. The climatic conditions of the growing season 2023–2025 differed both in the amount of precipitation during the growing season and in temperature characteristics, which significantly affected the development of sunflower diseases. The most favorable for the development of diseases was 2025 with excessively high rainfall. The effectiveness of the fungicide Fox – 0,8 l/ha for spraying in the asterisk phase (ВВСН 51) in the full flowering phase (ВВСН 65) against septoria was – 86,1–87,5 %%, phomosis 85,1–89,1 %, rust 87,2–90,6 %. In the seed filling phase (ВВСН 75) due to repeated infection with fungal spores, the effectiveness of the fungicide against septoria decreased to 64,2–66,3 %, phomosis 63,9–70,7 %, rust 63,2–65,4 %. The second application of the fungicide Propuls allowed to significantly control the development of all diseases. Thus, the effectiveness of the action against septoria was 88,5–90,2 %, phomosis 90,5–91,4 %, rust – 90,3–91,2 %, white rot of baskets – 76,2–80,2 %. Among the studied hybrids LG5478, NK Brio and Canyon, no significant difference in the damage by septoria and phomosis was found. The Canyon hybrid was less affected by rust – development of 17.6 %, while the hybrids LG5478 and NK Brio by 23,0 and 25,0 %, respectively. The combination of fungicide spraying with foliar feeding with the microfertilizer Sunflower Amino Chelate allowed to increase the effectiveness of fungicides in the seed filling phase (ВВСН 75) with a single application of fungicides by 7,9–15,2 %, and with two single applications by 3,1–5,6 %. Two–time foliar feeding with the microfertilizer Sunflower Amino Chelate by 13,6–18,4 %, and 4,2–7,2 %.

THE EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON SEGETAL VEGETATION IN THE CORN AGROPHYTOCENOSIS

О. T. Koberniuk — 2026-04-27

An important agrotechnical measure in corn cultivation is the effective protection of crops from weeds. Field studies on the weed infestation of the corn agrophytocenosis were carried out in 2023–2024 at the Podillia Research Center of Podillia State University. In crops of the DUBLICKS corn hybrid, 14 species of annual weeds and 8 species of perennial weeds were identified. The structure of annual weeds was dominated by late spring species, accounting for 45 % (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Xanthium strumarium L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Setaria glauca L., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Roem.), and early spring species, accounting for 32 % (Polygonum persicaria L., Chenopodium album L., Sinapis arvensis L., etc.). Among perennial weeds, the most common were root-sprouting species (Convolvulus arvensis L. and Cirsium arvense L.) and rhizomatous species (Elytrigia repens L. and Equisetum arvense L.). A small proportion of the weed species composition was represented by perennial taproot weeds (Artemisia vulgaris L. and Rumex confertus Willd.). Taking into account different types of weed infestation in crops, combinations of soil-applied and post-emergence (insurance) herbicides were studied. The results showed that post-emergence herbicides provided higher yields compared to the soil-applied herbicide Primextra TZ Gold 500 SC. At the same time, their effectiveness significantly increased when combined with the soil herbicide, ensuring a yield increase of 0.26–0.97 t/ha in 2023 and 0.07–0.77 t/ha in 2024. The most effective control of segetal vegetation in the corn agrophytocenosis was achieved using the post-emergence herbicides Laudis and Elumis in combination with the soil-applied herbicide Primextra TZ Gold 500 SC, which ensured control of early spring weeds at 94–100 %, late spring weeds at 85–100 %, and perennial weeds at 82–100 %, as well as a maximum yield of 11.0–14.29 t/ha.

OPTIMIZATION OF PIGLET REARING TECHNOLOGY FOR EARLY WEANING THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF LIQUID MILK REPLACERS AND PRE-STARTERS

O. A. Kovalenko — 2026-04-27

Ensuring food security necessitates increasing pig farming productivity through the introduction of innovative technologies. An effective approach is to reduce the suckling period and wean piglets early at 21 days of age, which increases the intensity of sow utilization and optimizes the work of breeding sows. At the same time, early weaning is accompanied by post-weaning stress, digestive disorders, and reduced resistance caused by the immaturity of the enzyme system and the sensitivity of the small intestine mucosa to sudden changes in the type of feeding. The article presents the results of a scientific and economic experiment on optimizing the technology of rearing suckling piglets of the genotype ♀(LW × L) × ♂”PIC 410” during early weaning (21 days). The feasibility of introducing a “echnological bridge” in the form of liquid feeding to level out “weaning stress” is substantiated. The influence of the algorithm for the gradual accustoming of young animals to plant feed, which included manual feeding of the milk substitute “Piglait Blue” (3–12 days) and liquid prestarter (12–22 days), was studied. It was found that the use of liquid feed resulted in a statistically significant (P < 0.001) increase in average daily weight gain by 16.6 % (189.50 g vs. 162.50 g in the control group). The most indicative indicator of effectiveness was the live weight of the litter at weaning, which reached 66.91 kg in the experimental group, which is 15.2 % higher than the control result. The use of liquid feed allowed for a 3.19 % increase in piglet survival and a 3.75-fold reduction in the number of cases of alimentary diarrhea (from 30 to 8 cases) due to the gradual adaptation of the enzyme system. Ethological monitoring using the methodology confirmed the acceleration of piglets’ adaptation to the consumption of additional feed: the first approaches to the feeder were recorded 2.2 days earlier (P < 0.05), and the total feed consumption time increased by 2.5 times (P < 0.01). It has been proven that precision feeding with liquid products is a key factor in realizing the genetic potential of modern hyperprolific pig genotypes in industrial complexes. Prospects for further research lie in monitoring the growth dynamics and feed conversion of experimental animals at the rearing and fattening stages to determine the prolonged effect of liquid start.

SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON SOIL TILLAGE SYSTEMS

K. K. Kurtev — 2026-04-27

The study was conducted under the conditions of the southern Steppe in the Rozdilna District of Odesa Region on the fields of Kolos LLC during 2023–2025. Four soil tillage systems were compared: 1. Stubble cultivator Horsch Tiger 6MT. 2. Verti-till tillage using a Salford implement. 3. Qualidisc disc harrow as the control. 4. Direct seeding with the Mzuri Pro-Til seeding complex with Strip-till tillage. All systems were evaluated under both Classic technology (hybrid NK Kondi) and Clearfield technology (hybrid P64LP130). The aim was a detailed investigation of the formation of sunflower generative organs and assessment of individual and population productivity. The main methods included dynamic counting of bracts, tubular flowers, and fully developed seeds, as well as calculation of biological yield and its comparison with actual (harvested) yield. Generative organ initiation begins in the phase of 4–6 true leaf pairs. An optimal head has a diameter of 20–25 cm and contains approximately 1500 seeds. The inflorescence consists of ligulate (ray) flowers and tubular (disc) flowers (fertile), with protandry preventing self-pollination. Flowering lasts 20–30 days. The number of bracts ranged from 21.7 to 22.2 per plant, with an advantage for Clearfield technology and the Verti-till and Strip-till systems. The number of tubular flowers was 1464–1594, fully developed seeds – 941–1157, and potential realization – 62.7–71.5 %. Classic technology outperformed in the number of tubular flowers (+13.6 %) and seeds (+7.3 %). Strip-till and Verti-till systems provided the highest realization level (+7.4–8.2 % over control) and the lowest percentage of empty seeds (28.6–30.3 %). Biological yield ranged from 2.29 to 2.95 t/ha, with Classic technology showing a 6.0 % advantage. Actual yield (at seed moisture 7–10 % and impurity content 3–5 %) varied from 1.39 to 3.30 t/ha. In favorable years (2023–2024), Classic technology gave a 10.8 % advantage (2.94 vs 2.65 t/ha). In the droughty year 2025, Clearfield outperformed by 17.3 %. The highest yield in all years was formed under Strip-till, with yield increases of 10.2–27.0 % depending on weather conditions and technology. Real sunflower productivity reaches only 65–70 % of its potential. The degree of potential realization depends on annual weather conditions and technological measures. Innovative tillage systems optimize plant growth and development, promote the formation of a powerful head, and enhance drought tolerance. Bract number can serve as an early marker of productivity. The results support recommending Classic technology on highly fertile fields and Clearfield technology under high weed pressure and moisture deficit. For both technologies, Strip-till and Verti-till systems provide the best performance, especially under the dry conditions of southern Ukraine. Prospects for further research include: evaluation of the technologies’ impact on seed oil content, economic efficiency, and ecological sustainability; comparison with other hybrids; and analysis of long-term effects on soil properties.

IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES ON THE IRRIGATION NEED OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS

O. O. Laslo — 2026-04-27

The article highlights the issue of forecasting potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) and temperature changes in the summer period (June–August) 2023–2030, taking into account water consumption by agricultural crops and the SPEI drought index. Increasing air temperature, especially in the summer, significantly affects the water balance of agroecosystems, causing increased evaporation from the soil surface and plant transpiration. It is found that an increase in average summer temperature by 0.3–0.5 °C each year will lead to an increase in ET0 from 18.74 mm in 2026 to 23.41 mm in 2030, reflecting increased evaporation and soil moisture deficit. Studies have shown that crop water consumption coefficients (Kc) will increase: corn from 0.81 to 0.85, soybeans from 0.71 to 0.75, vegetables from 1.01 to 1.05, which, together with the increase in ET₀, will increase the need for irrigation: corn – 15.18–19.9 mm, soybeans – 13.31–17.56 mm, vegetables – 18.93–24.58 mm. Studies have also found that decreasing SPEI values – from –0.5 to –2.5 will increase water stress and increase potential evapotranspiration by 5–25 %, indicating an increased risk of summer droughts in the region. The research results provide grounds to recommend the use of adaptive and water-saving irrigation technologies, the integration of agrometeorological forecasting with water resources management, and the priority provision of vegetable crops during critical phases of development. It has been established that irrigation becomes a necessary agrotechnical measure as early as 2027–2028, and by 2029–2030, climatically intense summer conditions close to southern steppe conditions will form. Further research is promising to assess the effectiveness of various irrigation systems, the introduction of drip and micro-irrigation, development of climate-oriented water use models and integration of agrometeorological forecasting with the management of land reclamation systems to increase the resilience of agroecosystems of the Poltava region to increasing temperature anomalies and droughts.

EFFECT OF A COMPLEX FEED ADDITIVE WITH SORBENT AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTION ON THE BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF THE BLOOD OF REPLACEMENT PIGS

L. G. Lenkov — 2026-04-27

Intensive industrial pig farming increases the requirements for breeding replacement gilts, as their metabolic and physiological condition determines their future productivity as the main breeding stock. The liver and kidneys play a key role in homeostasis, and their function is objectively reflected in blood biochemical parameters. The aim was to evaluate the effect of the complex feed additive “Gepasorbeх” at a dose of 1500 g/t of compound feed on the biochemical blood parameters of replacement gilts as integral markers of the functional state of the liver and the intensity of metabolic processes. The study was conducted on clinically healthy replacement sows of the Large White × Landrace combination, which were kept under industrial conditions at the Victoria private lease enterprise in the Bashtansky district of the Mykolaiv region. The animals were divided into a control group, which received a standard diet, and an experimental group, to which Gepasorbeх was added to the diet, with 40 animals in each group. At 190 days of age, blood serum biochemical parameters were determined in five animals from each group. It was found that the use of Gepasorbeх contributed to the improvement of the synthetic function of the liver, as confirmed by an increase in albumin content from 24.42 to 27.80 g/l (p < 0.05) and total protein from 54.24 to 58.49 g/l (p < 0.05). A pronounced positive effect on pigment metabolism was observed: the concentration of total bilirubin decreased from 7.49 to 2.64 μmol/l (p < 0.001), direct bilirubin decreased from 1.80 to 0.79 μmol/l (p < 0.05), and alkaline phosphatase activity normalized (173.34 → 115.85 U/L; p < 0.01). The use of the supplement was accompanied by stabilization of liver enzyme activity, manifested by a decrease in aspartate aminotransferase activity and optimization of the de Ritis index (1.26 → 0.84). In the experimental group, there was an improvement in energy and lipid metabolism, in particular an increase in glucose concentration within the physiological norm and a decrease in cholesterol content by 38.4 % (p < 0.01). Creatinine concentration increased to reference values (91.84 → 141.45 μmol/l; p<0.01), indicating intensification of metabolic processes without signs of renal dysfunction. Therefore, the inclusion of the complex feed supplement “Gepasorbeх” in the diets of replacement sows is advisable as an effective means of metabolic support and stabilization of the functional state of the liver in conditions of intensive pig farming.

AGROECOLOGICALLY SUBSTANTIATED NITROGEN AND MICRONUTRIENT NUTRITION OF MAIZE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

R. O. Myalkovsky — 2026-04-27

Increasing maize productivity remains one of the key tasks of modern crop production, especially in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, where climatic and soil conditions limit the realization of the genetic potential of hybrids. One of the main factors determining yield and grain quality is the nutrition system, particularly the provision of sufficient nitrogen and micronutrients. Insufficient or improper fertilizer application leads to reduced productivity and lower product quality, while excessive use of mineral fertilizers increases the risk of negative environmental impact. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of different nitrogen-micronutrient nutrition options and growth stimulators on the yield of maize hybrids of different maturity groups – Fernando (FAO 260), Lauro (FAO 300), and Acustica (FAO 350) – during 2022–2024. The results showed that control plots without fertilization had the lowest yields, ranging from 9.13 to 9.78 t/ha. Application of UAN 30 increased yields by 0.5–0.7 t/ha, zinc addition provided an additional 0.2–0.3 t/ha, and the combined application of UAN and the growth stimulator “Avangard Maize” resulted in a yield increase of 1.0–1.2 t/ha, demonstrating the high efficiency of combined nutrition. Medium- and late-maturing hybrids showed a greater absolute yield increase compared to the earlymaturing hybrid, although fertilization had a more significant practical effect than genetic differences. Statistical analysis confirmed the reliability of the results, with the maximum effect observed in years with optimal weather conditions. Balanced nitrogen-micronutrient nutrition allows for increased yield and grain quality, efficient use of fertilizers, and minimization of their negative environmental impact. Thus, the application of a combined nutrition system, including UAN, micronutrients, and growth stimulators, is an effective and environmentally safe method for increasing maize productivity in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, ensuring synergy between agricultural efficiency and natural resource conservation.

THE INFLUENCE OF AGROTECHNICAL METHODS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER GARLIC

V. I. Ovcharuk — 2026-04-27

Increasing the yield of winter garlic is one of the priority areas for the development of vegetable growing in Ukraine, since this crop has high food, therapeutic and prophylactic and export value. In conditions of climate change and instability of weather factors, the improvement of the cultivation technology, considering the soil and climatic features of the regions, becomes particularly relevant. Insufficient adaptation of agrotechnical measures to specific farm conditions leads to deterioration of plant overwintering, reduced field germination, the formation of small bulbs and a decrease in marketable yield. In connection with this, there is a need for scientific substantiation of a set of techniques that ensure the stable formation of highly productive winter garlic plantations. The study was conducted using the method of a field multifactorial experiment with varying planting dates, depth of clove wrapping, plant placement schemes and mineral nutrition systems. The experiment was set up according to generally accepted methods of vegetable growing, observing the principles of repetition and randomness of the placement of variants. During the vegetation period, biometric indicators of plants (height, number and area of leaves), the degree of overwintering, and growth intensity were determined. After harvesting, structural analysis was carried out: bulb mass, number and mass of cloves, and the share of marketable products. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the method of variance analysis with determination of the level of reliability of the obtained data. As a result of the study, it was established that optimal planting dates contribute to the formation of a well-developed root system in the fall and ensure a high percentage of plant overwintering. The rational depth of clove wrapping has a positive effect on the alignment of seedlings and resistance to adverse winter conditions. The highest yield indicators were obtained by combining the optimal planting date with an improved plant placement scheme and a balanced mineral nutrition system. The use of recommended fertilizer rates contributed to an increase in the average weight of the bulb, an increase in the share of marketable products and an improvement in its quality characteristics (density, uniformity, keeping quality). The most effective set of agrotechnical techniques was determined, which ensures a stable increase in crop productivity. The feasibility of comprehensive optimization of planting dates, clove embedding depth, plant placement schemes and fertilizer systems was scientifically substantiated in the outcome of the study. Their combination allows to increase yield, improve marketable and quality indicators of products and ensure an increase in the economic efficiency of growing winter garlic in the conditions of Southwestern forest-steppe of Ukraine.

INFLUENCE OF TIMES AND RATE OF APPLICATION OF BIOSTIMULATORS-ANTI-STRESSANTS ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY OF SOYBEAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE

O. V. Ovcharuk — 2026-04-27

In modern grain production, soybean occupies a significant place in the structure of sown areas among leguminous crops, which determines the level of vegetable protein production in Ukraine. Currently, soybean is considered one of the most demanded strategic crops, which satisfies the needs of humanity in vegetable protein and oil. The article highlights the results of research that established the main aspects that influence the formation of photosynthetic activity of agrophytocenoses of soybean varieties depending on the use of biostimulants-anti-stressants under climate change conditions. It was noted that the highest rates of photosynthetic activity were formed in soybeans of the Mentor variety under the condition of double treatment with the biostimulant Vuxal BIO Askofol (WUXAL) and ALHUM PLUS (Smart Grow) during the research period of 2023–2025. The highest rates in the “budding-flowering” period were observed in the variant with the application of the biostimulant Vuxal BIO Askofol in the period of 2 internodes (ВВСН 14) and budding (ВВСН 55) with a rate of 1,0 l/ha – 51,1 thousand m2/ha, which exceeded the indicator in the variant without the application of biostimulants by 4,9 thousand m2/ha. The application of lower rates of the drug reduced the leaf surface area: with a rate of 0,5 l/ha by 1,4 thousand m2/ha, with a rate of 0,7 l/ha – by 0,5 thousand m2/ha. The application of the biostimulant Algum plus provided the leaf surface area at the level of 49,2 thousand m2/ha in the variant with a rate of 1,0 l/ha, which was 3,0 thousand m2/ha higher than the variant without the biostimulant. The difference between the use of the drug Vuksal BIO Askofol was 1,9 thousand m2/ha compared to Algum plus. The highest indicator on the variants of the Sirelia variety was 48,4 thousand m2/ha from the application of Vuksal BIO Askofol, which was 4,8 thousand m2/ha higher than the variant without the use of biological products and only 0.3 thousand m2/ha higher than the variant without the use of biological products and only 0,3 thousand m2/ha higher than the application of Algum plus. The photosynthetic potential of soybean varieties differed from the application of biostimulants at the application rate of 1,0 l/ha by 0,27 million m2/ha × day more on the variant of applying Vuksal BIO Askofol and 0,16 million m2/ha × day on the variant of applying Algum plus of the Mentor variety. The highest photosynthesis productivity was in the period of “flowering-grain filling”, the net photosynthesis productivity was within: in the Mentor variety 1,91–2,23 g/m2, in the Sirelia variety 1,83–2,16 g/m2, depending on the experiment variant. The use of the biostimulant Vuksal BIO Askofol on the Mentor variety provided the greatest increase in dry matter when applied to 2 internodes (ВВСН 14) + budding (ВВСН 55), and according to the application rate, this indicator was: 0,5 l/ha – 16,34 g/plant; 0,7 l/ha – 16,52 g/plant; 1,0 l/ha – 16,83 g/plant, which was 1,66, 1,84 and 2,15 g/plant higher than the option without the application of biostimulants.

ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF CARROT ROOT CROP PRODUCTION

V. D. Palamarchuk — 2026-04-27

The article presents the results of a study on the influence of the assortment of varieties and hybrids, as well as seed mycorrhization, on the economic and energy efficiency of cultivating table carrot roots under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the economic and energy efficiency of carrot root cultivation depending on the assortment of varieties and hybrids, as well as seed mycorrhization with the bacterial preparation Mycofriend, under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods included observation, laboratory analysis, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, field studies, visual assessment, and comparative-calculation methods. Experimental studies were conducted in 2023–2025 in open field conditions using various mid-ripening carrot varieties and hybrids. Sowing was performed using a ridge method with a 20 + 50 cm row spacing. Prior to sowing, seeds of the hybrids Bolivar F1 and Olimpo F1 were treated with the mycorrhizal preparation Mycofriend at a rate of 20 g/kg of seeds. Observations, recordings, and assessments of the energy and economic efficiency of the applied technological elements were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methodologies. Results. The highest gross output values were obtained for the hybrid Olimpo F1 (UAH 520,200/ha) and the variety Kampino (UAH 505,800/ha), which also provided the maximum net profit – 133,350.5 UAH/ha and 119,489.1 UAH/ha, respectively. The profitability level for these variants reached 34.5 % and 30.9 %. Seed mycorrhization in the studied carrot hybrids ensured the highest economic efficiency indicators: gross output for Bolivar F1 amounted to UAH 446.4 thousand/ha, and for Olimpo F1 – UAH 546.3 thousand/ha; net profit – 59.2122 and 158.9505 thousand UAH/ha, respectively; profitability – 15.3 % and 41.0 %, with the lowest production costs – UAH 7,806.2/t and UAH 6,381.4/t. The highest energy efficiency coefficient values were recorded for the hybrid Olimpo F1 – 1.089, and for the variety Kampino – 1.070. Seed mycorrhization resulted in energy efficiency coefficients of 0.918 for Bolivar F1 and 1.104 for Olimpo F1, respectively. Conclusions. The best indicators of economic efficiency and energy coefficient were observed in the hybrid Olimpo F1 and the variety Kampino. Seed mycorrhization with the bacterial preparation Mycofriend does not significantly increase production costs, while it ensures an increase in total root yield by 2.0–2.7 t/ha, an improvement in marketable yield by 3.1–4.8 %, and an enhancement of profitability by 4.1–6.6 % compared to the control (without seed mycorrhization). The highest energy efficiency coefficient values were recorded with seed treatment using the bacterial preparation Mycofriend for the hybrids Bolivar F1 (0.918) and Olimpo F1 (1.104).

PLANT SURVIVAL AND DYNAMICS OF DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION IN CALENDULA OFFICINALIS CROPS DEPENDING ON THE APPLICATION OF GROWTH REGULATORS

V. V. Paraschuk — 2026-04-27

Calendula officinalis L. is a valuable medicinal plant widely used in both official and folk medicine in Ukraine and Europe. The medicinal raw material of the plant consists of inflorescences, which are characterized by anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, hypotensive, sedative, cardiotonic, and other properties. The article considers certain aspects of cultivating calendula officinalis, taking into account the influence of varietal characteristics and methods of applying plant growth regulators. In addition, the results of studies conducted by the scientific community on the impact of the main agrotechnical measures in calendula cultivation under different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine are presented. The purpose of our research was to determine the influence of methods of applying growth regulators on the growth and development of plants of different calendula varieties when grown under the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe. A two-factor experiment was established, where factor A was the plant growth regulator (no treatment – control, Ivin, Avangard Stimul, Azotofit R), and factor C was the method of application (seed treatment, crop spraying). As a result of the conducted records and observations, it was found that pre-sowing seed treatment with growth regulators increased the germination of calendula officinalis by 2–4 %. All studied preparations affected this indicator to varying degrees. The optimal field germination rate of seeds (90 %) was observed in the variant with pre-sowing seed treatment using the growth regulator Ivin, which exceeded the control by 4 %. The highest plant survival rates were recorded in two variants: spraying crops with the growth regulator Azotofit R and seed treatment with Ivin, with indicators of 95 % and 94 %, respectively, which exceeded the control by 6 % and 4 %. Optimal indicators of dry matter accumulation in calendula officinalis crops were observed at the beginning of plant senescence, with values ranging from 0.72 to 0.96 kg/m2. The best results were obtained with the preparations Azotofit R and Ivin.

FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS FOR ASSESSMENT OF THEIR AGROPHYSICAL DEGRADATION

V. V. Smilskyi — 2026-04-27

The paper substantiates the applicability of fractal analysis of particle-size distribution for the quantitative assessment of agrophysical degradation of agricultural soils under intensive land use. It is shown that the conventional approach, in which particlesize composition is treated mainly as a classification characteristic, is methodologically limited and does not provide sufficient information on the physical condition of soils or the risks of degradation processes. A combined cumulative and fractal analysis of soil particle-size distribution is proposed to quantify the structural organization of the soil mass. The study is based on granulometric data obtained by standard laboratory methods, followed by the construction of cumulative distribution curves and their analysis in logarithmic coordinates. Fractal parameters were determined from the slope of power-law relationships using linear regression, and the quality of approximation was evaluated to ensure the reliability of the obtained indicators. The results demonstrate that the shape of cumulative curves and the characteristics of log–log dependencies reflect the degree of ordering of the granulometric structure and allow the identification of agrophysical degradation features, including disturbances of the hierarchical organization of soil structural elements. Deviations from fractal behavior of the particle-size distribution are shown to be a quantitative indicator of degradation changes caused by mechanical loading, soil compaction, and destruction of the aggregate structure. The obtained findings confirm the feasibility of integrating granulometric studies with cumulative and fractal analysis for the scientific substantiation of adaptive soil tillage systems aimed at reducing agrophysical degradation and maintaining soil fertility. The proposed approach enables soil differentiation according to resistance to compaction and structural breakdown, as well as the identification of critical thresholds of anthropogenic pressure.

INDICATORS OF SLAUGHTER OF BROILER CHICKENS USING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VALINE

A. V. Sorokun — 2026-04-27

The article highlights the results of research on determining the optimal level of valine in broiler feed. In a scientific and economic experiment, the effect of different levels of valine in feed on slaughter rates in broiler chickens was investigated. At a day-old age, 330 broiler chickens of the «Ross-308» cross were randomly divided into 3 groups of 110 birds each, which received complete pelleted feeds that differed in valine levels. The amount of metabolizable energy, nutrients and biologically active substances in the feed for all groups of broilers was the same. The nutritional value of the feed was changed depending on the age of the broilers: 1–10, 11–24, 25–37 and 38–45 days. The amount of total valine in the feed for the control group was 11.7, 10.6, 9.8, 9.3 g/kg, for the first experimental group – 12.2, 11.1, 10.2, 9.7 g/kg and for the second experimental group – 11.2, 10.2, 9.4, 8.9 g/kg. When using feed with a high content of valine, pre-slaughter live weight increased by 2.0 %; semi-gutted carcass weight – by 2.6 %; gutted carcass weight – by 3.5 %; breast muscle weight – by 4 %; weight of pelvic muscles – by 2.4 %; yield of semi-gutted carcass – by 0.6 (Р < 0.05) %); yield of gutted carcass – by 1.5 %; yield of breast muscles – by 2.0 % and yield of pelvic muscles – by 1.5 %. When using feed with a reduced level of valine compared to the control, the weight of poultry breast muscles was lower than the control by 87 g, which is 6.1 % (р < 0.05), there was a lower yield of half-gutted carcass by 0.8 % (р < 0.01), and a lower yield of breast muscles (by 4 %, р < 0.01). The study indicates the need to update the recommended levels of valine for different periods of poultry rearing. Given that there are various factors that can lead to a deficiency of valine in broiler chickens that can impair their growth performance, further in-depth research is needed to address this issue.

ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS OF SORGHUM BICOLOR L. UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS IN THE POLISSYA REGION OF UKRAINE

S. H. Stoliar — 2026-04-27

Research has shown that current climate change, manifested in a steady increase in average annual air temperature and an increase in the frequency of hydrothermal anomalies, is causing a significant transformation of the agroclimatic conditions of the Polissya region of Ukraine and creating new challenges for the stable functioning of traditional agrocenoses. Analysis of long-term meteorological data for the Zhytomyr region has confirmed the trend toward regional warming and an increased risk of water stress during the growing season for agricultural crops. It has been proven that Sorghum bicolor L. is characterized by a high adaptive potential to changed hydrothermal conditions due to a complex of interrelated physiological and morphological mechanisms. The implementation of the C4 photosynthetic pathway, effective regulation of stomatal conductance, high water-holding capacity of assimilation tissues, and a well-developed root system ensure optimization of water balance, preservation of photosynthetic activity, and stability of the productive process under conditions of increased temperature stress and limited moisture supply. A comparative analysis of the physiological parameters of sorghum, corn, and winter wheat showed significant advantages of Sorghum bicolor L. in terms of water use efficiency, heat resistance, and productivity preservation under drought conditions. Higher values of water use efficiency, root system penetration depth, and photosynthetic activity temperature threshold result in lower yield losses of sorghum compared to traditional grain crops under extreme weather conditions. The results obtained indicate that, given the current climate changes, sorghum is no longer a crop exclusively for arid regions and can be considered a promising component of the agrocenoses of the Polissya region of Ukraine. Its introduction will contribute to increasing the adaptive resilience of agroecosystems, diversifying the structure of cultivated areas, and reducing the risks of crop losses associated with climate-induced droughts. The research has established that modern climate change, manifested in a steady increase in the average annual air temperature and an increase in the frequency of hydrothermal anomalies, is causing a significant transformation of the agroclimatic conditions of the Polissya region of Ukraine and creating new challenges for the stable functioning of traditional agrocenoses. Analysis of long-term meteorological data for the Zhytomyr region has confirmed the trend towards regional warming and an increased risk of water stress during the growing season for agricultural crops. It has been proven that Sorghum bicolor L. is characterized by a high adaptive potential to changed hydrothermal conditions due to a complex of interrelated physiological and morphological mechanisms. The implementation of the C4 photosynthetic pathway, effective regulation of stomatal conductance, high water-holding capacity of assimilation tissues, and a well-developed root system ensure optimization of water balance, preservation of photosynthetic activity, and stability of the productive process under conditions of increased temperature stress and limited moisture supply. A comparative analysis of the physiological parameters of sorghum, corn, and winter wheat showed significant advantages of Sorghum bicolor L. in terms of water use efficiency, heat resistance, and productivity preservation under drought conditions. Higher values of water use coefficient, root system penetration depth, and temperature threshold of photosynthetic activity result in lower yield losses.

FEATURES OF FIELD GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROOT CHICORY PLANTS DEPENDING ON SOIL CULTIVATION, SOWING TIMES AND SEED COVERING DEPTH

O. V. Tkach — 2026-04-27

The paper considers topical issues of improving the efficiency of root chicory cultivation by optimizing a set of agrotechnical measures aimed at improving field germination of seeds and ensuring favorable conditions for plant growth and development throughout the growing season. Root chicory is a valuable industrial crop, the roots of which are the main raw material for the production of inulin, fructose, coffee drinks, and alcohol. However, its cultivation is accompanied by certain difficulties due to the biological characteristics of the crop: chicory seeds are characterized by slow germination, low germination energy, and poor moisture absorption due to the peculiarities of the seed coat structure. This leads to a prolonged period of emergence, which creates favorable conditions for the germination and development of weeds that actively compete with cultivated plants for nutrients, moisture, and light, especially in the early stages of growth. It has been established that thorough soil preparation, in particular of the top layer where seed germination occurs, is crucial for overcoming these negative phenomena. The main tasks of the soil cultivation system for root chicory are to create a deep, wellaerated arable layer, accumulate and retain productive moisture, mobilizing nutrients, destroying weeds, pathogens, and pests, as well as carefully leveling and loosening the surface layer to ensure uniform seed embedding at the optimal depth. Since chicory forms productive organs (root crops) directly in the soil, the quality of cultivation directly affects the commercial properties of the crop: in well-loosened soil, root crops acquire the correct shape and thicken evenly, while in compacted or lumpy soil, they become deformed, reducing product quality. Particular attention was paid to studying the effect of sowing dates and seed planting depth on field germination and further plant development. It has been established that sowing dates must be scientifically justified, taking into account the soil temperature regime, its physical maturity, and moisture supply. Delayed sowing leads to loss of soil moisture, drying out of the top layer, and deterioration of germination conditions, while too early sowing in insufficiently warmed soil causes delayed germination, seed disease, and sparse emergence. The depth of seed planting is also critical: if planted too shallow, the seeds end up in a fast-drying layer of soil and do not receive enough moisture to swell and germinate; if the depth is too great, the seedlings cannot break through the soil layer, especially in heavy soils prone to crusting.

EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS IN THE CONTROL OF PESTS AND DISEASES OF POT MARIGOLD (CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L.)

I. V. Trach — 2026-04-27

Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is a valuable medicinal plant widely used in both official and folk medicine. Calendula is among the ten most common medicinal plants in Europe. As a highly demanded and economically efficient crop, pot marigold attracts the interest of researchers and agricultural producers in terms of improving technological measures that contribute to increasing the yield of air-dried inflorescences as valuable medicinal raw material for the pharmaceutical industry. An important factor is the cultivation of plants that are not damaged by pests and not affected by diseases. The aim of the study was to identify pests and diseases and to determine the effectiveness of the studied insecticides and fungicides when cultivating the crop under the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe. Two factors were studied in the experiment: factor A – cultivar (Soniachna Krasunia, Berezotytska Soniachna); factor B – preparation (untreated – control; insecticides: Actellic, Fitoverm; fungicides: Benomyl, Trichodermin). As a result of records and observations, it was found that the most numerous pest species in pot marigold crops was aphid, with an economic threshold of harmfulness of 5–10 % of affected plants, while the most common disease was Fusarium wilt. Control measures were carried out using biological and chemical preparations. Surveys of crops for infestation and damage by aphids on pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) showed that without the use of insecticides, the number of infested plants increased from 165–169 individuals to 296–302 individuals per 10 plants. The calculation of insecticide efficiency includes an assessment of the biological component (percentage of pest mortality), which is based on a comparison of treated and control plots, taking into account weather conditions and the developmental stages of both plants and pests in order to determine the actual reduction in harmfulness. Spraying with Actellic significantly reduced pest spread, namely by 71–72 % 10 days after treatment and by 94–96 % 30 days after treatment. The application of the biological insecticide Fitoverm showed a slightly lower effect; specifically, its efficiency on the 30th day was 92–93 %. The optimal effect in controlling Fusarium wilt was achieved by spraying with the fungicide Benomyl, the use of which reduced the spread of the disease by 6–7 %.

YIELD AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN CULTIVATION UNDER DIFFERENT SOWING METHODS AND SEED RATES IN THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE CONDITIONS

V. Ya. Khomina — 2026-04-27

Improvement of the complex of agrotechnical factors that contribute to obtaining high soybean grain yield and quality, as well as maximizing profit from product sales, is an extremely relevant issue. The article presents the results of studies by the scientific community concerning the influence of sowing methods, seed rates, and soil tillage on the productivity of soybean varieties differing in maturity when grown under various soil and climatic conditions. The aim of our research was to determine the effect of sowing method and seed rate on yield and economic efficiency of soybean varieties with different maturity groups under the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe. The experiment studied the influence of the following factors: A – variety (Mozart (ultra-early), Siaivo (early-maturing), Sensor (medium-maturing); B – sowing method: wide-row (45 cm), twin-row (19 × 38 cm); C – seed rate (400, 500, 600, 700 thousand seeds/ha). The variety standard Moravia (medium-maturing), wide-row sowing method (45 cm), and seed rate of 500 thousand seeds/ha were used as the control. As a result of the conducted research, the soybean varieties most adapted to the growing conditions, the optimal sowing method, and seed rate were determined. Indicators of economic efficiency were calculated for the studied variants. The highest yields were obtained for the Siaivo variety sown using the twin-row method with a seed rate of 600 thousand seeds/ ha, yielding 3.7 t/ha, and for the Sensor variety sown using the twin-row method with a seed rate of 500 thousand seeds/ha, yielding 3.95 t/ha. The lowest yield was recorded for the Mozart variety, amounting to 1.96 t/ha under the wide-row sowing method with a seed rate of 400 thousand seeds/ha. The profitability level of soybean cultivation varied within a wide range of 26–157 %. The highest profitability levels of 132 % and 157 % were obtained for the Siaivo variety sown by the twin-row method (19 × 38 cm) with a seed rate of 600 thousand seeds/ha and for the Sensor variety sown by the twin-row method (19 × 38 cm) with a seed rate of 500 thousand seeds/ha, respectively.

PARATYPICAL FACTORS OF MASTITIS IN COWS ON FARMING OPERATIONS

V. V. Bandura — 2026-04-27

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the etiology and risk factors for mastitis in cattle in modern dairy farming. Mastitis is considered a multifactorial disease that causes significant economic losses due to reduced milk productivity, premature culling of animals, and deterioration of the technological properties of raw materials. The aim of the study was to determine the etiological structure of mastitis in cows during subclinical and clinical course, to assess paratypic factors of influence, and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of dominant pathogens. Bacteriological monitoring showed that staphylococci play a leading role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 50.0 % of the samples studied, and coagulase-negative staphylococci accounted for 46.7 %. It has been proven that microorganisms of the genus Streptococcus spp. are mostly associated with acute clinical course, while Escherichia coli is a stable component of the microbial landscape regardless of the form of inflammation, indicating constant pressure from environmental factors. Special attention was paid to the analysis of S. aureus resistance. High sensitivity of isolates to fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, ofloxacin – 86.7 %), aminoglycosides (kanamycin – 86.7 %, amikacin – 73.3 %) and ampicillin (80.0 %) was revealed. At the same time, a decrease in the effectiveness of vancomycin, gentamicin, and doxycycline (sensitivity only 33.3–40.0 %) was noted. The conclusions confirm that a successful strategy for combating mastitis requires not only targeted antibiotic therapy, but also correction of housing conditions, taking into account seasonality and the physiological state of animals.

THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF A COMBINED PREPARATION IN SPONTANEOUS EIMERIOSIS OF NUTRIA

M. V. Bogach — 2026-04-27

The growing interest in the production of exotic meats has contributed to the active development of commercial nutria farming in many countries worldwide. Nutria are characterized by a high adaptive capacity to various housing conditions and are used both for fur production and for meat production, the latter being highly nutritious and regarded as a dietary product. The development of this industry is further supported by the introduction of modern breeding technologies. At the same time, an essential component of effective nutria farming is the timely diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of parasitic diseases, particularly eimeriosis, which leads to decreased productivity and significant economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of a combined preparation in cases of spontaneous eimeriosis in nutria. The study was conducted in 2025 on a private farm located in the Poltava region (Kremenchuk district, Brovarky village). Four-month-old nutria kept in an enclosure and exhibiting clinically and laboratory-confirmed signs of eimeriosis were selected for the study. The level of infestation was determined using the McMaster method by counting the number of oocysts per gram of feces. Before treatment, the intensity of infestation in the experimental groups was comparable and ranged from 340.36 ± 16.79 to 343.09 ± 17.33 oocysts/g. The results demonstrated a high therapeutic efficacy of the drug Trisulmix suspension (MERIAL, France). When administered at the maximum dose recommended by the manufacturer, the efficacy reached 90.9 % on the 28th day of observation, whereas the use of a lower dose (1 ml per liter of water) resulted in an efficacy of only 72.73 %. Accordingly, the intensity of treatment effectiveness increased with the duration of therapy and reached 98.25 % on the 28th day at the optimal dose, compared to 83.55 % when the minimum dose was used. These findings confirm the appropriateness of administering Trisulmix suspension at the recommended dose (2 ml) for the effective treatment of nutria eimeriosis and justify its application in nutria farming to maintain herd health and enhance production efficiency.

FEATURES OF THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF OILS

V. V. Danchuk — 2026-04-27

Vegetable oils are indispensable components of the human diet, acting as both a concentrated source of energy and the structural basis of cell membranes. Their biological value and functional properties are directly determined by the fatty acid composition, in particular the ratio of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Special scientific attention is paid to the balance of the essential families of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, since they are the precursors of bioactive mediators that regulate inflammatory processes, cognitive functions and the stability of the cardiovascular system. The material for the study was oil samples received for research over the past 10 years. The analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FA) was carried out on a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. The article presents the results of determining the fatty acid composition of various types of oils and conducts a comparative analysis of domestic oils in terms of the content of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in them, with emphasis on the content of linolenic (C18:3n3) acid. It was found that polyunsaturated fatty acids prevail in oils, which range from 85.53 to 91.53 %. In terms of the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family, namely linoleic (C18:3n3), the leaders among the oils studied by us remain: linseed oil (30–58 %), hemp oil (20–22 %), oils from rose hips and seeds (28–32 %), walnut oil (8–12 %), ginger oil (26–30 %), mustard oil (7.5–8.5 %), raspberry seed oil (31–35 %). We observed a somewhat lower content of linoleic omega-3 fatty acid in sea buckthorn fruit oil (3.7–4 %). In rare types of oils available on the Ukrainian market, for example, in black cumin oil, the content of linoleic (C18:3n3) acid was up to 1 %, in pumpkin oil – 3–5 %, in milk thistle and burdock oils – up to 0.5 %, wheat germ oil contains 2.5–4 % of this fatty acid, in sesame, grape seed and amaranth germ oils this fatty acid contains up to 1 %.

FUNDAMENTAL MANUFACTURING AND INNOVATIVE POTENTIALS OF DETONATION SPRAYING

V. V. Holoviatynska — 2026-04-27

The article is devoted to the problems of development of detonation spraying, which is of interest both in connection with the discrete and cyclic nature of the technological process of coating application, and the high quality of detonation coatings. The purpose of the work is to substantiate and identify promising areas of innovative development of detonation spraying. The potentials of controlling discrete cycles of detonation spraying and the use of auxiliary steps in the process of applying a detonation coating are considered. It is proposed to improve the quality of detonation coatings by performing additional technological operations in the intervals between detonations spraying cycles. The structural and organizational order of the additive formation of detonation coatings is considered, which it is advisable to develop based on the hierarchical structure of the technology depth levels. The use of factors in the formation of detonation coatings at all levels of technological depth and structure synthesis of technology improves quality and maximizes the adaptation of detonation coatings to the planned operating conditions. The exceptional properties of detonation coatings can be enhanced by using the variability of the construction of technological processes for detonation spraying based on the discrete and cyclic nature of the coating formation process. The following aspects are highlighted as innovative developments and using priorities for detonation spraying: combining the detonation coating application process with additional treatment methods; applying coatings to surfaces of deep holes with small cross-sections; applying coating of blanks susceptible to thermal deformation; applying heterogeneous coating.

MODERN AUTOMATED TECHNOLOGIES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

S. M. Hrushetskyі — 2026-04-27

The paper provides a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the implementation of modern automation and digitalization tools in the livestock industry. The relevance of the study is driven by the necessity to increase the profitability of livestock production amidst global competition, a shortage of skilled labor, and rising demands for environmental sustainability and food quality. Automation is considered not merely as a means to replace manual labor but as a fundamental basis for implementing the concept of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF). The primary focus is placed on integrated farm management systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Big Data. The technological aspects of Robotic Milking Systems (VMS) are examined, which allow for minimizing the stress factor for animals, improving milk quality, and providing an individual approach to each animal. Automated feed distribution systems are investigated, ensuring precise ration dosing according to the physiological needs of the animals, which significantly reduces feed costs and increases conversion rates. A crucial component of modern technologies is health and behavior monitoring systems. The use of intelligent sensors (accelerometers, rumination sensors, thermal cameras) enables real-time tracking of health status, reproductive cycle phases, and early signs of disease. This facilitates a transition from group to individual herd management, which is key to preventive veterinary medicine. The automation of the microclimate in livestock buildings is analyzed separately. Modern intelligent ventilation, lighting, and manure removal systems operate autonomously, adapting to external weather conditions and internal environmental parameters, ensuring compliance with animal welfare requirements. The study determines that the implementation of automated technologies allows for a 15–25 % increase in animal productivity, a reduction in the consumption of fuel, lubricants, and electricity, and ensures full traceability of product origin. It is concluded that the strategic direction of the industry’s development is the creation of unified digital ecosystems that combine all technological processes – from crop production for feed to the sale of finished products – into a coherent automated complex with minimal human intervention.

AUTOMATION OF SOFTWARE TESTING: KEY METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES

O. V. Lebid — 2026-04-27

The development of software testing constitutes an important component of modern software systems engineering, with more than seventy years of formation and continuous improvement. Automated testing, as a scientific and applied discipline, today plays a key role in enhancing the quality, reliability, and resilience of software products across various application domains. This is particularly relevant for national information systems of Ukraine, which operate under conditions of digital transformation, integration with European standards, and an increased demand for secure and fault-tolerant solutions supporting public, economic, and social processes. The article provides a systematic analysis and classification of the main types of software testing, including functional, nonfunctional, unit, integration, system, and regression testing. A review of modern approaches to test automation is conducted, based on current methodologies-specifically Agile and DevOps practices, as well as the shift-left and shift-right concepts, which enable early defect detection and continuous quality assessment of software modules. Special attention is given to the description of levels of automated testing and the technological tools applied in the study, including framework-based tools for automated test generation, continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD) environments, and practical integration with version control systems. The advantages and limitations of automated testing are analyzed in the context of Ukrainian software development projects, with emphasis on the need to adapt testing strategies to constrained resources, dynamic changes in requirements, and the necessity for rapid implementation of updates. The research results substantiate that the implementation of automated testing contributes to improving the efficiency of engineering processes, minimizing the number of errors in production environments, and strengthening trust in software products among both internal users and international partners.

SELECTION OF TEEJET NOZZLES TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF FIELD SPRAYERS

D. О. Makarenko — 2026-04-27

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the structural, technological, and operational characteristics of the most widely used TeeJet spray nozzle models, including TTI60, Turbo TeeJet, Turbo TwinJet, Turbo TeeJet Induction, AI-3070, XR TeeJet, AIXR TeeJet, and AIC TeeJet. The study aims to substantiate the rational selection of spray nozzles for field sprayers in order to improve the quality of pesticide application and reduce losses of working fluids under various agricultural and environmental conditions. Special attention is paid to the influence of nozzle design, spray angle, operating pressure, and material of manufacture on droplet size distribution, spray fan uniformity, and resistance to spray drift. The analysis includes a comparison of operating parameters and performance characteristics of different nozzle types, taking into account the requirements for the application of herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Injector-type nozzles, particularly AIXR TeeJet, AIC TeeJet, and Turbo TeeJet Induction, were found to ensure higher resistance to wind drift and form larger, more stable droplets, making them suitable for systemic pesticides and conditions with increased drift risk. In contrast, XR TeeJet and TTI60 nozzles demonstrate higher efficiency when applying contact herbicides due to the formation of finer droplets and improved leaf surface coverage. The study also highlights the importance of matching nozzle characteristics to the physicochemical properties of agrochemicals, crop development stages, and weather conditions. The summarized results indicate that proper nozzle selection significantly enhances the biological effectiveness of pesticide application, reduces non-productive losses of liquids, and improves environmental safety by minimizing drift and soil contamination. The findings confirm that modern TeeJet spraying technologies, especially those involving air-induction systems, contribute to higher precision of application, improved uniformity of coverage, and enhanced efficiency of field sprayers under diverse agronomic scenarios.

TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ELECTROSPARK HARDENING OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY PARTS

P. P. Fedirko — 2026-04-27

Based on an analysis of operating conditions and the predominant wear patterns of a wide range of agricultural machinery parts, a classification of components strengthened and restored by the electrospark method is proposed, and the methodological and technological features of treatment aimed at increasing their wear resistance and service life are described. The article considers a method for increasing the service life (durability) of the working elements of agricultural machines. Traditionally, working elements worn to the limit size are subject to restoration, while parts with critical wear are machined to the nearest repair size. A disadvantage of this technology is that an excessively large interval between repair sizes is allowed, which leads to a significant reduction in the service life of the working elements. Based on an analysis of operating conditions and the predominant wear patterns of a wide range of agricultural machinery parts, the authors propose a classification of objects strengthened by the electrospark method and describe the technological and methodological features of electrospark treatment to increase their wear resistance and service life. The strengths and weaknesses of the electrospark alloying method, as well as its development prospects and associated risks, are also analyzed. Ways to increase the thickness of the formed coating on worn steel surfaces of automotive parts are identified. Experimental studies have established that the use of electrodes based on tungsten carbide and titanium carbide with the addition of components that form unlimited solid solutions with the surface material and act as fluxes makes it possible to form alloyed coatings with maximum thickness.

METHODS AND MEANS OF MEASURING IONIZING RADIATION

Y. P. Shvaliuk — 2026-04-27

The article presents modern methods and instruments for measuring ionizing radiation and provides a detailed examination of the physical foundations of each radiation registration method. The measurement of ionizing radiation is performed to determine its qualitative and quantitative characteristics, such as radiation type, ionizing radiation source activity, energy, and flux density. The detection of radioactive substances and ionizing radiation, specifically neutrons, gamma rays, beta and alpha particles, is based on the ability of such radiation to ionize the medium in which it propagates. The conducted analysis confirms that the impact of ionizing radiation on the medium leads to the ionization and excitation of the atoms and molecules of this medium. The interaction of ionizing radiation with various substances leads to diverse changes in their physical and chemical properties (changes in electrical properties, optical parameters, temperature, light emission, volume, and changes in the concentration of radiation-chemical reaction products). These specific changes are taken as the basis for the development of methods and instruments for measuring and recording ionizing radiation. The study emphasizes that, depending on the nature of the interaction between ionizing radiation and matter, the following registration methods are distinguished: ionization, luminescent, scintillation, semiconductor, photo-emulsion, and chemical methods. The obtained results are important for the practical selection of a specific measuring method or instrument, considering the radiation type, required accuracy, and operational conditions. Proper classification and a justified choice of measuring instruments play a key role in ensuring radiation safety, environmental monitoring, and scientific research, facilitating compliance with both international and national standards and regulations regarding maximum permissible radiation levels and contamination.

AUTOMATED INTEGRATION OF WATER FUND LAND DATA IN THE STATE LAND CADASTRE OF UKRAINE

M. V. Smoliarchuk — 2026-04-27

The article examines an approach to the automated integration of information on water fund lands into the State Land Cadastre of Ukraine based on the combined use of cadastral, urban planning, and municipal geoinformation resources. The purpose of the study is to substantiate a consistent procedure for harmonizing spatial, legal, and functional characteristics of water fund lands, taking into account the requirements of land and water legislation as well as the principles of geoinformation systems interoperability. The methodological framework of the research includes spatial analysis, comparison of coordinate parameters, analysis of regulatory and legal acts, systematization of cadastral and urban planning data, and geoinformation modeling methods. The empirical basis of the study consists of materials from the State Land Cadastre, urban planning documentation, geoinformation resources, and open data of the Lviv City Territorial Community. The results of the research reveal the main causes of inconsistencies in information on water fund lands across different information systems, particularly discrepancies in the spatial representation of boundaries, area, land category, and land use regime. An automated data harmonization model is proposed, which ensures the formation of a coherent and reliable information base for registration procedures and spatial planning. The scientific novelty of the study lies in substantiating an integration-based approach to the formation of consistent cadastral information on water fund lands through the use of municipal geoinformation resources. The practical significance of the results is determined by their applicability in the activities of local self-government bodies for the preparation of land management and urban planning documentation, cadastral registration, and monitoring of coastal and water protection areas. Prospects for further research are associated with the development of mechanisms for interagency spatial data integration and the implementation of automated information exchange services within the national spatial data infrastructure.

RESTORATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: ASSESSMENT OF LOSSES, RECONSTRUCTION NEEDS AND PRIORITIES OF THE “BUILD BACK BETTER” POLICY

S. V. Stender — 2026-04-27

The agricultural sector of Ukraine traditionally plays a key role in the formation of the gross domestic product, export potential and food security of the state. The full-scale war unleashed by the Russian Federation in 2022 caused unprecedented economic, social, and infrastructure losses in the agricultural sector. A particular emphasis in the study is placed on the problem of landmining of agricultural land, the economic consequences of which are estimated to exceed USD 37 billion, as well as on the destruction of irrigation and drainage systems, the restoration of which requires nearly USD 9 billion. It has been established that in 2024–2025, according to updated RDNA4 estimates, the scale of losses increased significantly, thereby substantially intensifying risks to food security and the macroeconomic stability of the state. It is substantiated that the restoration of the agricultural sector requires a comprehensive approach that combines physical reconstruction of infrastructure, land demining, financial support for producers and the introduction of digital and climate-oriented technologies. The results obtained can be used in the formation of state agricultural policy, post-war reconstruction programs and international donor assistance. Based on the systematization of indicators and policy construction in the “Build Back Better” concept, a hierarchy of priorities for the reconstruction of the agricultural sector of Ukraine is substantiated. It is proposed to use a system of performance indicators (KPI) to monitor policy implementation and adjust support instruments. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the formation of an evidence base for state agrarian policy aimed at increasing the sustainability, innovation and European integration compatibility of the agricultural sector of Ukraine.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE CONDITIONS OF POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION

I. V. Tomashuk — 2026-04-27

The article substantiates the relevance of forming a conceptual model of sustainable development of the national agricultural sector in the conditions of post-war recovery, due to the large-scale socio-economic, environmental and institutional losses suffered by the agricultural sector as a result of military actions. It is emphasized that the agricultural sector plays a key role in ensuring the food security of the state, restoring export potential and stabilizing the socio-economic development of rural areas in the post-war period. The paper analyzes the current state of the agricultural sector and identifies key challenges to its development in the conditions of post-war transformation, including the destruction of production and logistics infrastructure, degradation of land resources, shortage of financial and labor resources, increasing environmental risks and institutional imbalances. It is revealed that overcoming these problems requires a transition from fragmented recovery measures to a systemic model of sustainable development, focused on the long-term perspective. A conceptual model of sustainable development of the national agrarian sector is proposed, which involves a combination of strategic priorities of economic efficiency, environmental safety and social inclusion. The role of state agrarian policy, institutional environment, innovations, digitalization and “green” technologies in ensuring the effectiveness of the model’s implementation is substantiated. Particular attention is paid to mechanisms for restoring resource potential, stimulating investment activity, developing human capital and increasing the adaptability of agricultural enterprises to modern challenges. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the proposed conceptual model by state authorities and local governments in the formation of strategies for the post-war restoration of the agricultural sector, as well as by agricultural enterprises in the development of sustainable development programs and increasing competitiveness. The results obtained can serve as a scientific basis for further research in the field of sustainable development of the agricultural economy in the context of post-crisis transformations.

THE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF MILITARY AGGRESSION

L. M. Chornobai — 2026-04-27

The potential for the development of agricultural enterprises in conditions of military aggression is studied as a key factor in maintaining the economic stability of the agricultural sector. It is substantiated that military threats transform business conditions, affecting resource supply, logistics chains, investment activity and personnel potential of enterprises. It is determined that the further development of the industry depends on the effectiveness of state agrarian policy, the level of investment activity, the introduction of innovations and the strengthening of institutional foundations of management. With an integrated approach, agricultural enterprises can become a key factor in sustainable economic growth and development of rural areas of Ukraine. The current state of development of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine is characterized by a combination of significant production potential and systemic problems that hinder its full implementation. The directions for realizing the potential for the development of agricultural enterprises by increasing management efficiency, diversifying production, introducing innovative technologies and strengthening cooperative ties are revealed. It is proven that the rational use of existing potential contributes to the restoration of production activities, ensuring food security and creating prerequisites for the post-war development of the agricultural economy. The expansion of cooperative ties, access to financial resources and state support programs create conditions for increasing the investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector. It is determined that the orientation of agricultural enterprises towards sustainable development, greening of production and increasing the added value of products can become the basis for strengthening the competitive positions of the agricultural sector in the long term.