ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORGANIC METHODS IN GROWING CEREAL CROPS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Abstract

The growing impact of climate change on global agriculture highlights the urgency of transitioning to sustainable production systems capable of maintaining productivity and ecological balance. Organic farming, as an alternative to conventional practices, demonstrates adaptive potential through the restoration of soil fertility, enhancement of biodiversity, and reduction of dependence on synthetic production inputs. The relevance of assessing the efficiency of organic methods in cereal crop cultivation (spelt wheat, oats, barley, soybeans) lies in determining their capacity to ensure food security, economic feasibility, and environmental stability under conditions of increasing temperature fluctuations, water scarcity, and soil degradation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the agronomic, economic, and ecological outcomes of applying organic technologies in cereal production under global climatic transformations. The research results showed that organic methods contribute to yield stabilization over time despite lower short-term productivity compared with intensive chemical systems. Improved soil structure, enrichment with organic matter, and the activation of biological processes enhance the resilience of agroecosystems to droughts, irregular precipitation, and temperature fluctuations. Analysis of crop quality indicators revealed higher nutritional value and the absence of chemical residues, which strengthens the competitiveness of organic grains in premium markets. In terms of energy and resources, organic systems demonstrate greater efficiency by minimizing fossil fuel use, recycling biomass, and leveraging natural nutrient cycling. Economic analysis indicates that although yields are generally 15–30% lower, the profitability of organic farming remains comparable or even higher due to lower input costs and price premiums for certified products. Environmentally, organic systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions through carbon sequestration and decreased nitrogen losses, while socially they support rural employment, knowledge-intensive labor, and healthier food systems. Thus, the effectiveness of organic methods in cereal production is determined not only by yield indicators but also by their long-term contribution to ecological sustainability and climate resilience. The integration of organic practices enhances the adaptive capacity of agriculture, ensuring stable productivity under environmental stress. Therefore, organic farming represents an effective and forward-looking strategy for achieving sustainable cereal production in the face of accelerating climate change.