PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEANS IN POLISSYA CONDITIONS DEPENDING ON EM-PREPARATIONS

Abstract

Soil fertility decline occurs due to intensive degradation, reclamation disorder, and pollution caused by unbalanced application of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. The amount of organic fertilizers has sharply decreased from 10 t/ha in 1900 to 0,5 t/ha in 2025. Soil fertility also declines due to soil compaction, which significantly delays the growth and development of the root system. The application of organic materials – such as by-products, crop residues, straw, green manure, and other plant-based products – activates soil microbiota, positively affecting soil fertility restoration. It has been proven that biofertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus, biostimulants, biofungicides, bioinsecticides, and other cellulosedegrading agents containing a range of cellulolytic enzymes promote the mineralization of organic residues. This study focuses on the impact of effective microorganisms (EM preparations) on soybean productivity and soil fertility restoration. Foliar application at the BBCH growth stages 13-19 and 49-59 contributes to plant preservation at 98%, ensuring a plant density of 488 000 plants/ha. The optimal leaf area ranges from 44 000 to 45 000 m²/ha, while photosynthetic productivity at the pod formation phase reaches 3 million m²·days/ha, ensuring a net photosynthetic productivity of 3,22–4,86 g/m² per day. This promotes the active formation of root nodule bacteria, with their mass at BBCH stages 13-19 + 49-59 + 60-69 ranging from 156 to 158 kg/ha. The active symbiosis of soybean photosynthesis and nodule bacteria development facilitates the accumulation of organic matter and total biological nitrogen at 242 kg/ha, equivalent to 7 centners of ammonium nitrate, ensuring a soybean yield of 3,3–3,4 t/ha. The use of EM preparations enhances protein and oil content, improves soil fertility, and reduces the need for mineral fertilizers, making EM technology a promising approach for ecological crop production.