METHODS AND MEANS OF MEASURING IONIZING RADIATION

Abstract

The article presents modern methods and instruments for measuring ionizing radiation and provides a detailed examination of the physical foundations of each radiation registration method. The measurement of ionizing radiation is performed to determine its qualitative and quantitative characteristics, such as radiation type, ionizing radiation source activity, energy, and flux density. The detection of radioactive substances and ionizing radiation, specifically neutrons, gamma rays, beta and alpha particles, is based on the ability of such radiation to ionize the medium in which it propagates. The conducted analysis confirms that the impact of ionizing radiation on the medium leads to the ionization and excitation of the atoms and molecules of this medium. The interaction of ionizing radiation with various substances leads to diverse changes in their physical and chemical properties (changes in electrical properties, optical parameters, temperature, light emission, volume, and changes in the concentration of radiation-chemical reaction products). These specific changes are taken as the basis for the development of methods and instruments for measuring and recording ionizing radiation. The study emphasizes that, depending on the nature of the interaction between ionizing radiation and matter, the following registration methods are distinguished: ionization, luminescent, scintillation, semiconductor, photo-emulsion, and chemical methods. The obtained results are important for the practical selection of a specific measuring method or instrument, considering the radiation type, required accuracy, and operational conditions. Proper classification and a justified choice of measuring instruments play a key role in ensuring radiation safety, environmental monitoring, and scientific research, facilitating compliance with both international and national standards and regulations regarding maximum permissible radiation levels and contamination.