FEATURES OF THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF OILS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37406/2706-9052-2026-1-41Keywords:
oils, polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipidsAbstract
Vegetable oils are indispensable components of the human diet, acting as both a concentrated source of energy and the structural basis of cell membranes. Their biological value and functional properties are directly determined by the fatty acid composition, in particular the ratio of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Special scientific attention is paid to the balance of the essential families of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, since they are the precursors of bioactive mediators that regulate inflammatory processes, cognitive functions and the stability of the cardiovascular system. The material for the study was oil samples received for research over the past 10 years. The analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FA) was carried out on a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. The article presents the results of determining the fatty acid composition of various types of oils and conducts a comparative analysis of domestic oils in terms of the content of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in them, with emphasis on the content of linolenic (C18:3n3) acid. It was found that polyunsaturated fatty acids prevail in oils, which range from 85.53 to 91.53 %. In terms of the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family, namely linoleic (C18:3n3), the leaders among the oils studied by us remain: linseed oil (30–58 %), hemp oil (20–22 %), oils from rose hips and seeds (28–32 %), walnut oil (8–12 %), ginger oil (26–30 %), mustard oil (7.5–8.5 %), raspberry seed oil (31–35 %). We observed a somewhat lower content of linoleic omega-3 fatty acid in sea buckthorn fruit oil (3.7–4 %). In rare types of oils available on the Ukrainian market, for example, in black cumin oil, the content of linoleic (C18:3n3) acid was up to 1 %, in pumpkin oil – 3–5 %, in milk thistle and burdock oils – up to 0.5 %, wheat germ oil contains 2.5–4 % of this fatty acid, in sesame, grape seed and amaranth germ oils this fatty acid contains up to 1 %.
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