Retraction policy

The journal adheres to principles of academic integrity and COPE ethical standards regarding the retraction of publications. Retraction is applied in cases where a publication contains serious violations that call into question the reliability of the results or infringe copyright or ethical standards.

Grounds for Retraction

1. Data fabrication or falsification.
2. Plagiarism or copyright infringement.
3. Significant errors that render the research results unreliable.
4. Violation of ethical standards (e.g., research involving humans or animals without proper approval).
5. Failure to comply with conflict-of-interest or research integrity policies.

Retraction Procedure

1. Retraction may be initiated by the editorial board or upon request of an author, reviewer, or reader.
2. Circumstances are thoroughly reviewed and verified.
3. All relevant parties are notified of the intent to retract the article.
4. A retraction decision is made and published on the journal’s website, including the reason for retraction.
5. The retracted article remains accessible with a clear “Retracted” notice.

Principles

• Transparency and openness of the process.
• Confidentiality of all parties until a decision is made.
• Impartiality and objectivity.